The Indonesian Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

The In dosian Tourism Industry Tourism EssayThe capital city of Indonesia, capital of Indonesia with a total populations of 9.6 million (BPS, 2012) with five atomic number 18as videlicet West, East, wedlock, South and primal, has positive economic maturement since layover 2000 to 2011, which mostly was sustained by the three weighty sectors such as (1) financial, real estate and origin services sector, (2) trade hotel and restaurant sector and (3) manufacturing sector. (BPS, 2012)The increasing of economic growth gives impacts to the tourism industry in Indonesia. In January 2011, the Culture and Tourism rector of Republic Indonesia announced the replacement of Visit Indonesia Year branding with Wonderful Indonesia as part of tourism ravel that expected to attract 7.7 million foreign tourers and generate $8.3 billion of revenue. Whereas 50% of this revenue go out be generated from meetings, convention and exhibitions that volition take place in various place in Indones ia. (The capital of Indonesia Post, 31st December 2010).Jakarta, where the central government, trade, services and industry are located at, makes Jakarta a destination for short letter travellers or as a government central meeting. In addition, with the completing facilities at JIExpo Kemayoran in North Jakarta, Jakarta Convention Center in Central Jakarta, Balai Kartini in South Jakarta, Semanggi Expo in South Jakarta, Jakarta willing become one of the tourism destination for MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Convention, and Exhibition) business. (Sarya, 2011, p.16) display panel 1.The statistic of number of international tourist arrival through gateAirportYear2008200920102011Soekarno Hatta,1,464,7171,390,4401,823,6361,933,022Ngurah Rai,2,081,7862,384,8192,546,0232,788,706Polonia,130,211148,193162,410192,650Sam Ratulangi21,79529,71520,22020,074Batam1,061,390951,3841,007,4461,161,581Juanda, Surabaya156,726158,076168,888185,815Adi Sumarmo19,02216,48922,35023,830Minangkabau,40,91151,00227,4 8230,585Others1,257,9391,193,6121,224,4891,311,468Amount6,234,4976,323,7307,002,9447,647,731Source Biro Pusat Statistik, 2012Table 1.1 shows that the international tourists who arrived through Jakartas world-wide Airport namely Soekarno Hatta, have increased grade to year which in 2011, it reached about 1.9 million. The total international tourists who came to Indonesia in 2011 have almost reached the target of the Culture and Tourism Minister to attract 7.7 million foreign tourists.Hotel IndustryFor some big countries like Jakarta, which has many business activities, hotel becomes one of the most productive income-producing properties (Internal selective information Colliers international Indonesia, 2012). there are four benefits from hotel industry for a country (Medlik Ingram, 2000, p.4), which are,In some areas, hotel as an attraction of visitor who bring put acrossing power and who tend to spend more money than they do when they are at home. This visitor spending power oft en gives big percentage to the economy revenue of a country. In Jakarta, hotel, trade and restaurant sector is one of legislate three sectors which give a biggest contribution in GDP for mostly historic period. From period 2009-2011, hotel, trade and restaurant sector has contributed 20% for DKI Jakartas GDP (Gross Domestic Product). (BPS, 2009 2011)In areas which receiving foreign visitors, hotels play big roles as foreigner currency earners which crowd out give big contribution to their countrys balance of payments. For countries which have sm all told possibilities of export may take hotels as their foreigner currency earners.Hotels can provide many job opportunities that this role is important for areas which have small number of sources of employment, where they contribute to regional development.Hotel can act as a medium to promo the products of former(a) industries. Mostly hotel are supplied with food, drink and other consumables which purchased from local anesthetic far mers, fishermen and other suppliers. Using local products in their services makes this hotel not only can contribute directly to their economy revenue to nation as a foreigner currency earners but also indirectly as an outlet to promote other local industries.Hotels may become social activity centres for local people and often their restaurants and other facilities can attract local custom.The positive macroeconomic growth encourages the positive growth of hotel supply in Jakarta, as a respond from hotel groups for the positive growth of room demand. Some hotel groups unfold their hotel chain by increasing their number of hotel, such as Tauzia (local chain) which its hotel management will develop 23 hotels until 2012, consist of 15 units Harris Hotel and 8 units of Pop Harris. Next, there is the Accor group (international chain based on France and the largest operator of hotels in Asia Pacific) plan to flip ones lid their network across Indonesia from 40 hotels in 2011 to 100 hot els by 2015.PT Surya Semesta Internusa Tbk (SSIA), who own and manages the 5-star Gran Melia Hotel Jakarta and Melia Hotel Bali, plans to expand its revenue in the hospitality trade by developing a budget hotel network in 2012.The increasing number of hotel for a budget hotel to a five stars hotel for period 2000 2011 are shown on the design 1.2, (from the period 2012 2015 are projection number),Source choose from data natural Colliers International Indonesia, 2012Figure1. The hotel supply in Jakarta by number of hotel from period 2000-2015Source Adopted from data internal Colliers International Indonesia, 2012Figure1. The hotel supply in Jakarta by number of room from period 2000-2015 base on the Figure 1.2, the supply of hotel since 2000-2011 are dominated by 5-star hotel and 4-star hotel, whereas until 2011 there were already 37 five-star hotel and 35 four-star hotel in Jakarta.These hotel groups which play in Jakarta hotel market consist of international and local brands. Some of international brands in Indonesia which the writer would like to mention are Holiday Inn, Sheraton, Four Seasons, Kempinksi, InterContinental, Hilton International, Ritz-Carlton and Mandarin Oriental. While the local brands also aggressively work to build their own chain, from Santika, Mulia and Sultan to the Sahid Group and many others.The Emerging of Budget Hotel in JakartaThe concept of Budget Hotel in Jakarta began to emerge in 2006, initiated by the Accor Group, France with the Hotel Formule1, which plans to build four other branch of this hotel in Bali, Semarang, Yogyakarta and Jakarta. Then fol minored by Santika Group with their Amaris Hotel that until 2012 having 22 Amaris hotel and planning to expand the chain by adding another 13 Amaris Hotel.Basically the key players in budget hotel market are hotel groups who already have established their star hotel chains, and because they can see the capableness market and demand of budget hotel, they add one line in their c hain for budget hotel. Some of the hotel groups are shown in Table 1. Hotel groups and their brand on star and budget hotel.Table 1. Hotel groups and their brand on star and budget hotelHotel GroupStar Hotel BrandBudget Hotel BrandAston InternationalAston Hotel (3 Star)Fave HotelAccor GroupGrand Mercure (4 star)Novotel (4 star)Pullman Hotel (5 star)Ibis Budget Hotel (previously Formule 1)Grahawita SantikaSantika Premiere (4 Star)Santika Hotel (3 Star)Amaris HotelTauzia Hotel ManagementHarris Hotel (4 Star)Pop HotelPT Intiland DevelopmentGrand Whiz (3 Star)Whiz HotelSource Adopted from data internal Colliers International, 2012Budget hotels are known for its low fare hotel (Barrows Powers, 2009, pp.273), where guests can experience staying at good quality hotel, with a low price. The guests pay only for what they use. This will result in not only cost efficiency for the costumer but also for the targetor.Based on Colliers International Indonesia data 2012, in year 2011 there are on ly 6 budget hotels in Jakarta, which are,Formule 1, Menteng by AccorAmaris Hotel, Panglima Polim by SantikaFormule 1, Cikini by AccorAmaris Mangga Dua Square by SantikaAmaris Soekarno Hatta, Cengkareng by SantikaAmaris Senen by SantikaIn the Figure 1.3 shows the total number of budget hotel in Jakarta since emerged in 2006 to 2012.Source Adopted from data internal Colliers International Indonesia, 2012Figure1. The number of budget hotel in Jakarta from period 2006-2012The Segment of Budget HotelThe main segment of budget hotel in Jakarta is business traveller. The high demand of business activities in Jakarta, which require low price accommodation with curb service, has encouraged budget hotel as a main preference for company in choosing their business accommodation. In addition, there is a shift work system among flowerpot when they will do expansion into a new area. In the era of the 1990s, to monitor or ensure the potential for business in area which newly initiated, the compan y usually sends a direct top management (Hari et al., June 2011, p.44). Since 2000s, with the improving economy and quality of human resources, the corporation began to delegate the task at middle management level (Hari et al., June 2011, p.44).In addition, by delegating tasks to the level of management, the costs will be cheaper than sending the top management. Those changes of pattern, then affect the travel business in Indonesia, from the emergence of low cost carrier (LCC) to the mushrooming budget hotel (limited service hotels) which only provide the basic call for of the guests the comfortable rooms for rest. Basically the potential of business traveler market in Jakarta is quite large, because of few reasons, which areThe improvement in all sectors and positive economic growth has big impact in the increasing of business activity in Jakarta. In their business activity, the businesses often do business solecism to out of town, even overseas. And as a central government, trad e, services and industry, Jakarta becomes one of the most destinations for business travellers in Indonesia.Based on data from Asia Pacific Business Traveller Research 2011 by Accor Group, the cost which spent for hotel accommodation for Indonesian business traveller is $92/night (2011, p.11), while the middling long stay is 2.08 day. (BPS, 2011)As the total business traveller in Indonesia in 2011 is about 90% of the total domestic tourist in Indonesia (Siahaan, 2012), because business travellers will be around 6.84 million in a year. Thus from this total of business travellers, there is about $1.3trillion of the total cost of the trip that flows into the hotel industry in 2011.Global financial crisis in 2008 had also triggered the corporation to cut their business travel budget. There are some strategies that they have done during 3 years after the crisis (2009-2011). Based on Ascend Corporate Travel Survey 2012, from 340 respondent of business travellers who based 43% Europe, 30 % North America and 17% Asia pacific, there is an increasing number of company which planning to change their choice of hotels to save money in 2011. Whereas this condition was encouraged budget hotel as a preference accommodation for company for business tripThe Industry of Budget Hotel in JakartaWhat becomes interesting from budget hotel market in Jakarta is how the supply and demand of budget hotel is significantly increasing in the short period of time. Many hotel groups or air lane groups expand their business to invest in budget hotel, by seeing the potential demand of this hotel. For instance, AirAsia Group, an airline company based on Malaysia, who became a pioneer of providing a budget airline (Low Cost Carrier, LLC), has also interested to make budget hotel with brand Tune Hotel. After first established in Malaysia in 2007, Tune Hotel has spread in 6 countries, such as Malaysia, Indonesia, England, Thailand, Filipina and Australia. In 2009, they launched two Tune Hotel i n Bali which is in Kuta and Seminyak and in 2013, they are planning to expand 13 Tune Hotels in Indonesia which will be in Jakarta, Bekasi, Surabaya, Pekanbaru, Makassar, Sola, Palembang, Tangerang and Bali (Kompas, 5th September 2012, p.19)In the Figure1. The growth in terms of number of rooms from period 2000-2012 below shows that budget hotels growth compared with 3, 4 and 5 star hotels in terms of number of rooms is rising significant since emerged in 2006.Source Adopted from data internal Colliers International Indonesia, 2012Figure1. The growth in terms of number of rooms from period 2000-2012The significant supply of budget hotel is a respond for significant demand from the market. It can be seen from the occupancy rate of budget hotel which is quite good better than 3 5 star hotels. The Figure1. The occupancy rate from 5-star hotel to budget hotel shows that only two years after budget hotel has emerged to the market, its occupancy rate is highly better than 3 5 star hotel s, even 5-star hotel has the lowest occupancy rate from 2000-2011.Source Adopted from data internal Colliers International Indonesia, 2012Figure1. The occupancy rate from 5-star hotel to budget hotelThe higher demand of budget hotel than 3, 4, 5 star hotels gives an idea that budget hotel probably has comfortable their client and could create their homage nodes who wants to do repeat purchases of their services. However, before reaching high guest satisfaction level and having loyalty customers, there are value that budget hotel should give to their customer. How customer value excogitation that budget hotel has done to their customer and how this value creation impacts their customer satisfaction and loyalty that ultimately will increase their demand level and how this customer value creation impacts to the hotel profitability that impact the supply level will be a purpose for this research. hassle IdentificationDue to the demand of budget hotel is higher than 3, 4, 5 star hot els, thus there is a sign that probably budget hotel has satisfied their customer that ultimately could create customer loyalty who wants to do repeat purchases of their services hotel. However, in order to satisfy their customer and create customer loyalty, they should give set to their customer.Therefore, the issue in this thesis is to analyse The Impact of Customer Value Creation on Budget Hotel towards Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty and Hotel Profitability. There are four areas of research problem,What value creation that budget hotel has done towards its customers?What is the customer satisfaction level of budget hotel as an impact of customer value creation?What are the magisterial values in influencing customer satisfaction which will lead to create customer loyalty?How is the profitability level of budget hotel compared to 4 and 5 star hotel as an impact from customer satisfaction and customer loyalty?Research ObjectiveThe main purposes of this research paper areT o recognize and explain the customers value of budget hotelTo identify and explain of customer satisfaction of budget hotel as impacts of the customer value creationTo identify and explain the dominating value in influencing customer satisfaction level of budget hotel, which will lead to create customer loyaltyTo identify and explain the correlation in the midst of customer satisfaction and customer loyalty of budget hotelTo analyze the profitability level of budget hotel compared with 4 and 5 star hotel as an impact from customer satisfaction level and customer loyaltySignificant ResearchThe study is significant because it provides information which will be helpful for the readersThe study is significant in understanding the customer behavior and needs better.The study will address the issue of customer value creation to improve the customer satisfaction to create customer loyalty.The study may be useful for many interested parties, especiallyBudget hotel groups. They may use thi s research to support enhancement of customer satisfaction and relationshipStudents and internal parties of Swiss German University. This research can be used as a reference for lecturers and other students to conduct go on research.The researcher. The result of this research can be used to enrich my knowledge.Academics. The result of this research can be used to do further research in the same industry.Scope and Limitation of ThesisIn order that the study on this subject more focus, and to get the benefit from the study, therefore the study limited toThe value creation by budget hotel in Jakarta towards its customerThe impact of customer value creation on customer satisfaction and loyaltyThe impact of customer satisfaction and loyalty on profitability level of budget hotel compared with hotel industry.

Conflict Management And Dispute Resolution

involvement Management And Dispute ResolutionConflict rear end be delimit as a struggle which is emanates from different ideas, values and beliefs. Most of the time, misunderstanding and miscommunication among people cause strife. Furtherto a greater extent, involvement lies not in objective reality, neverthe little in peoples minds (Fisher, 1981). Disputes, on the another(prenominal) hand, be such issues that are less deep than contradict but still very important.As human beings evolve and their technology grows through time, their awareness expands and they take more responsibility for making their own finishs. This is especi altogethery true of soulfulnessal decisions. Humans want to be the wizards that drive decisions in their lives they do not want anyone else to decide on their behalf. and then, conflicts arise.Often, conflicts get along because people differ in their ways of thinking. Because of this, conflicts can make people look at fusss and issues not only from their perspectives but from others as well. Consequently, conflicts are not always negative they can also bring about new ideas. These new ideas can help people to change, which is useful because every social function in nature is changing in every moment.Conflict shows itself in every part of our lives. One of them can be the mercantile activities that play an important role in todays world. For example, conflict can arise in commercial squinchs. When this happens, the possibility of argufy arising is untold higher.In this essay, we exit discuss the conflict and challenge in commercial contracts and explain that whether or not they are inevitable. In addition, we allow compare and contrast the different methods for resolvings of difference of opinion in commercial contracts. Finally, we leave alone present an example of engagement and explain how to solve it.Section A Are conflicts and disputes inevitable on commercial projects?Conflict and dispute definitionsBefo re we can fancy whether or not conflict and disputes must be avoided, we must first define both terms and determine the differences between the twain. Conflict and dispute are two common terms. Although almosttimes they are interpreted as equal types, there are some differences that result be mentioned.ConflictFirst, we will discuss the definition of conflict. There survive many definitions of conflict (Foss, 1979 Gelles, 1978 Straus, 1978) cited by Straus (1979). Mary Parker (1925) states that we can summarize conflict in one word difference. A more comprehensive definition by Strauss (1979) suggests three distinctions conflict of interest, conflict, and hostility.Conflict of interestA conflict of interest itemor that each member of the group prefers to seek their own interest, which is often different from other people. In other words, they want to live out their own lives from others. fit in to Straus (1979), the relationship between the amount of conflict (conflict of in terest) and the well being of the group is curve linear. It means that existence of conflict can have a positivistic impact on the well being of group. However, if it exceeds more than the optimum occlusive, it would be detrimental.ConflictCoser (1956) uses conflict to refer to the means or behavior used to prosecute ones interest rather than conflict of interest, itself Straus (1979). tally to Straus (1979), conflict means tactics which are used by a person in the response to the conflict of interests.HostilityHostility occurs when feeling of dislike takes a place of sympathy among the members of the group. Often this feature is also named as conflict but in problem of this idea, there exists some conflict theories that believe that hostility will not appear if conflict exists. This is because it can protect people from getting hostile in a way that can express their point of views and interests and do not let anyone to force them. Consequently, the author considers hostility as a negative fact in groups.Conflict exists in every part of our lives such as commercial activities. Contrary to popular belief, commercial conflict is important to a countrys economy. Dorussen (2006) reason out that trade in some commodities will have a strong impact on conflict in comparing with other goods. The reason for this fact is that some commodities have much more significant important on the security of states than others. Recently oil industries as well as high tech ones, have the importance impact though. And also (Park, 1976 Abolfathi, 1976 Ward, 1976 Polachek, 1980) cited by Dorussen (2006) have reached to the conclusion that when the amount of trading oil increases, the exporting country will become more hostile toward oil importers.There exists three ways of dealing with conflict domination, compromise and integration (Parker, 1925). First, domination arises from victory of one party to another one. Second, compromise means to get along with each other to settle peace. In this case, one side loses something and gets something in order to agree to end up the conflict. agree to Parker (1925), compromise is the basis of trade union tactics, in collective dicker, the trade unionist asks for more than he expects to get, allows for what is going to be lopped off in the conference. Thus we often do not know what he really thinks he should have, and this ignorance is a great barrier to dealing with conflict fruitfully. Third, integration is when two soften decide to integrate with each other. This is the most efficient way of dealing with conflict. There is no need to sacrifice, and both parties will benefit from each other and become satisfied.DisputeThe distinction that is made by Burton (1993) cited by Fenn (2006) between conflict and dispute, is based on two parameters time and content. He considers disputes as oblivious term disagreements which can be solved easily. On the other hand, conflicts are deep-rooted, long term problems which nee d much effort to be solved. These types of disagreements can occur independently and, in some cases, dispute can exist inside the long term conflict.Are conflict and dispute inevitable?Considering the evidence presented above, conflict and dispute differ from each other. They both can occur and deserve our consideration. In this section, we will discuss how conflicts are inevitable and how disputes can be avoided.According to Parker (1925), conflict exists in the world which we are living. Instead of ignoring its existence, it is punter to find a way to embrace it. We can change the unpleasant situation in a way that benefit from. Conflict is one of the issues that is better to be accepted and get advantage of it. In some cases, dispute can exist inside the long term conflict Burton (1993).The school of western thought believes that conflict is part of dynamic capitalism and an integral part of commercialism (Fenn, 2006). If conflict cannot be managed properly, dispute may rise. In other words, in contrast with conflict, dispute can be avoided. Therefore these two areas should be considered First, conflict concern or dispute avoidance and second, dispute resolutions.Some conflict theorists believed that conflict is an inevitable part of human beings life and without the changes which are caused by conflict, the risk of cut off among the social groups such as academic departments, or family will get higher (Adams, 1965 Coser, 1956 Dahrendorf, 1959 Scanzoni, 1972 Simmel, 1955 Sprey, 1969) cited by Straus (1979). If conflict fades away, there will be no apply to adapt to changed circumstances and therefore hostility will arise. Conflict is defined as a process that arises when group of people or a person believes that other groups or other people are thinking frustrating (McKenna, 2006) and Fisher (1981) has defined that everybody has different perception and different way of thinking. By analyzing theses two theories, we can understand that conflict is inevit able because people are different.Suggestions to prevent disputeRegarding to this section, we can conclude that conflict is inevitable. If we cannot manage conflict properly, dispute will arise. Disputes are caused by conflicts and sometimes they exist inside long term conflicts. (Burton 1993) the same story exists in commercial contracts and because they are important facts, there are some suggestion on how to manage conflict and consequently avoid disputes.By reviewing dispute resolution guidance published by office of giving medication (United Kingdom) commerce (OGC, 2002) we can understand that contractual disputes can destroy the relationships between the client and supplier. In some cases, they have been spends lots of time to build it. Thus, this material body of dispute is time consuming and expensive.One of the roles of government is to emphasize on the importance of the good relationships between both parties of a commercial trade or the client and suppliers. There are t hree facts that are advised by OGC (2002) to prevent dispute in commercial contracts1. Stating the expectations and intentions at the beginning of the contract. Everything must be clear. Besides, dispute resolutions which both parties agree to provide in the time of dispute, should be mentioned.2. Managing the contract is one of the most important facts that should be paid attention during having the contract. both parties should be aware of any kind of disputes that may occur. Try to find the sign of dispute before it arises.3. Considering the importance of managing the contract which is near to be expired, is one of the significant things that both parties must learn.Section B Compare and contrast of dispute resolution techniquesDispute resolution methodsIt has been concluded that conflict is inevitable but dispute can be avoided in commercial contracts. Although it can be avoided, there still some probability of happening. Therefore here are dispute resolution methods which can be used in commercial contracts.ADR is an alternative dispute resolutions .It does not mean the same to all the people. In Europe and much of the rest of the world it connects to those resolutions that exclude arbitrement and litigation. On the other hand, in the Unites States, ADR conclude arbitrament (Moses ,2008).NegotiationNegotiation is a common way of dispute resolution which both parties try to solve their problems without the need of others (OGC, 2002).MediationMediation is a nonbinding and confidential process (Moses, 2008). In this kind of resolution, the third party will meet each party privately and express their point of views to each other. Mediation sometimes known as an interest based affair whereas arbitration is the right based procedure.AdjudicationAdjudication is a quick and relatively inexpensive way of resolving a dispute, whereby an impartial third party adjudicator decides the issues between the parties. It will to the highest degree certainly be quicker a nd less expensive than arbitration or litigation. Section 108 of the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act (1996 ) gives the right to parties to virtually all social system contracts to refer any dispute arising under the contract to adjudication at any time. If the contract does not contain any adjudication procedure, or it does but the procedure does not comply with the Act, then before you can refer a dispute to adjudication you need to make sure that the contract is a construction contract as defined by the Act(Construction Umbrella Bodies Adjudication Task Group,2003).LitigationLitigation is a formal process which is a binding and non confidential procedure, which is held in the civil courts (Moses, 2008).ArbitrationArbitration is a formal and nonbinding (sometimes binding) dispute resolution .where the third party exists to make the final decision for two other parties (Moses, 2008).Choosing a resolution methodBy comparing the dispute resolutions that discussed be fore Mediation is not a binding resolution.-litigation is not a confidential resolution. Adjudication is a resolution that has some limitations. (Not being useful for all kinds of contracts as discussed in the previous part).These days, in many commercial contracts, parties choose arbitration as the default dispute resolution. As they got clear vision about the courts and their actions, they preferred to rely on the courts to solve their commercial disputes Because of its confidentiality, and also in some case the need to inhabit their relationships. (Fenn, 2006).In Mentschikoff (1961) idea, the reasons that why we use arbitration in commercial groups are speed, lower expense, more expert decision, and greater privacy.According Moses (2008), there exist two principal(prenominal) reasons that why commercial parties choose arbitration as a dispute resolution. First, the forum is neutral. it means that it is possible to stay out of the other partys court. Second, the parties which ar e include in 140 countries that are under the control of New York convention must obey the award that comes out of the arbitration and that is the reason that we mentioned before that arbitration is sometimes a binding process.As Charles Newton Hulvey(1929) mentions ,there are 2 classification of agreements to arbitrate in commercial disputes.1agreements to retributive submit existing commercial disputes.2agreements to submit all commercial disputes including those will may occur in future.Arbitration has more advantages (Moses, 2008).One of the important advantages of arbitration is its confidentiality. Besides, parties choose arbitration because they can freely choose the arbitrator. Another advantage is that the discovery fact is less in arbitration therefore it takes shorter to get to the conclusion.One of the points of arbitration in the past was that it was less expensive in compared with litigation. Many companies do not think that it is the advantage any more.Buhring-uhle ( 2005) cited by Moses (2008), mentionedmore than half (51%) of the respondents thought that the cost advantage did not exist. However with considering all the facts, parties tend to choose arbitration because of its advantages and it still worth the cost.Besides the advantages, Arbitration has some disadvantages as well. If the advantage of fewer discoveries can be viewed from different point, it would become a disadvantage. Especially for those kind of disputes which need much more discovery and are extended. Fewer discoveries mean here less panorama for the claimant.Moreover, in arbitration there is lack of requesting multiple appeals. This can be considered as a disadvantage when the arbitrator has made a wrong decision it would be frustrating to a party to accept this award with lack of ability to have an appeal.To wrap up, we got to the conclusion that, although we can prevent dispute in commercial contracts with some methods, it can be take place in some situations. Knowing ho w to deal with commercial disputes is important and one of the significant methods in dispute resolution is arbitration.Section C Example of useOne of the dispute resolution methods is negotiating. Positional bargaining is a duologue method in which each party only focuses on what they want, and dont pay attention to hidden interests. According to Fisher and Ury (1981), there are three trends through positional bargaining in the conflict resolutions between parties Hard, Soft, and Principled Negotiation.Principled negotiation is suggested to parties to get better results more amicably. This method is separated into four parts (Fisher and Ury, 1981)1. People separate the people from the problem.2. Interests focus on interests not positions.3. Options generate a variety of possibilities before deciding what to do.4. Criteria insist that the result be based on some objective standards.In order to understand principled negotiation, we will review a fictional case study below. By revie wing this case, we can understand better how to use the stages of principled negotiation.Note The following case study was created based on a true past experience of an employee in a construction company. Some details and events were modified to fit with the goals of this essay. Please note that the case study is written in the first person.In April 2009, I was operative as a civil engineer in one of the building construction companies in Iran. One day something strange happened to me. While I was dieing in the construction site, a woman came to the site and asked me whether I could help her to find the project manager. I showed his room and told her that she was lucky that she came that day, because the project manager was not in a meeting. I brought her in the room and stayed along to introduce her to the project manager. The woman then proceeded to explain that she was one of the customers that had bought one of the apartments in advance. She wondered if she could get her apar tment earlier than the specified time. She wanted the project manager to finish her apartment earlier. (It was possible but a somewhat costly).The project manager, instead of listening carefully to her, just said no. She repeated her request once more and the project manager interrupted her and saidNo it is completely impossible. The woman replied You do not even pay attention to me. Why dont you listen to me to solve the problem? He answered Because it is impossible. We have never through such a thing in our projects.When I saw this, I immediately thought that there was a problem with the project managers behavior he didnt separate the people from the problem (Stage 1 of Principled Negotiation). In fact, he was very hard on the woman and did not even spend time to get the problem.After a 10 minute discussion, he listened completely to her. At last he saidIt is impossible because we cannot finish constructing one apartment completely and then working on other flats it is too costly for us. When he said this, he forgot that he should have focused on interests instead of positions (Stage 2). It would be better if he listened to her and paid attention and instead of not listening. If he did, he could tell her the issues and also asked her if she had solution to solve the problem.After few minutes, the client said you just say it is impossible. What if I pay all the additional costs? The project manager just kept sayingit is impossible and against the rules. We have never done such a thing in construction projects.In this stage, the project manager should have known that, he could invent options for mutual gain (Stage 3). He could have thought more about her suggestion and also presented his own suggestions. He also could not reach to the final stage of principled negotiation which is invent options for mutual gain (Stage 4).The woman got frustrated and without saying good bye went out of the room.After a week I understood that we should work harder to complete that apartment earlier. It was the order of the board manager. He told the project manager she is one of our best clients that we get so many benefits from her. If we keep her satisfied, that would be point for us in future projects.The project manager somehow got shamed. Because he did not know how to negotiate properly with her and actually if he had done so, he would have got benefit from the good negotiation by getting the money that the woman has suggested and spent it in the project.To conclude, as far as the conflict is inevitable, lettered how to negotiate properly is an advantage that only some people have. Principled negotiation is the best way that everybody can use and get benefit from the negotiation and conflict.

Conflict and Harmony in The Tempest Essay -- Tempest essays

Conflict and Harmony in The violent storm William Shakespeare describes a utopic world saturated with supernatural images and ideas which works to create the mysterious island where The Tempest harbours place. This is unity of Shakespeares best examples of how a natural harmony reveals itself through the actions of discourse and confusion. To illustrate this idea best one must examine the historical context upon which The Tempest is based. Because this play was published in the early 1600s, controversial cultural and political events undoubtedly surface. Furthermore, by analyzing the sub-plots in the play, the reader has a better understanding of Shakespeares mark for including multi-plots, which is to create conflicts that all have a different context but coexist to create a more natural harmony. Finally, one must differentiate that the moral conflict that characters face in The Tempest is crucial in understanding the harmony that is created. For example, it is important to realize that although the play ends with reconciliation for most of the characters, it does not have the same effect on all of the characters. Therefore, by examining the effects of the historical context, the inclusion of sub-plots, and the importance of moral conflict the reader may take a more comprehensive approach in understanding how Shakespeare finds a harmonious closure in The Tempest. In 1623, The Tempest made its debut in Shakespeares First Folio of works (Hirst 36). Historically, this play is different from Shakespeares later plays in that he divides it into acts and scenes and leaves the island nameless (Hirst 36). In other plays such as Twelfth dark and Merchant of Venice, where the same natural harmony is ultimately c... ... F. (Ed.) Shakespeare Modern Essays in Criticism. forward-looking York Oxford, 1957. Hatch, James V. Black Theater, U.S.A. 45 Plays by Black Americans, 1847-1974. New York The kick Press, 1974. Hay, Samuel A. African American Theatre An Hist orical and Critical Analysis. New York Cambridge University Press, 1994. Hill, Errol (ed). The Theatre of Black Americans A Collection of Critical Essays. New York Applause Theatre track record Publishers, 1987. Hill, Errol. Shakespeare in Sable A History of Black Shakespearean Actors. Amherst The University of Massachusetts Press, 1984. Marshal, Herbert and Mildred Stock. Ira Aldridge The Negro Tragedian. Rockcliff London, 1958. Hirst, David. Notes on The Tempest. London Ginn, 1969. Vaughan, Alden T. and Virginia Mason Vaughan. Shakespeares Caliban A Cultural History. New York Cambridge, 1991.

Write a Letter Requesting a Donation :: Donation Letter Security Safety

October 1, 2002To Customer ListCustomer Address parameter 2Customer Address Line 3Customer Address Line 4Dear Customer NameWill You Join Me In Protecting Our Community?I am sending this to you as a fellow member of the Rolling Acres confederacy. Im sure that you value living in a quiet and peaceful neighborhood, just like I do. You know, sometimes in order to keep ones community quiet and peaceful one has to tackle action. Thats what this letter is all about - taking action - community action. By now, via media reports and word of mouth you must be aw atomic number 18 of the significant increase in house break-ins in this neighborhood all over the past pit of years. In fact, the break-in rate has more than doubled over the past three years. According to the police this is just a sign of the times changing as the economic downturn continues and local businesses and factories continue to close their doors for good. As you may know, a local Community Action Committee has been meet ing over the past four months to try and find ways to reduce the break-in rate in Rolling Acres. Last week they released their recommendations on how to best scrap the problem. Their primary recommendation calls for increased police and protective cover measures patrols to supplement the local Neighborhood Watch program. They estimate that the extra cost to double nighttime (after dark) security patrols by Security Inc. will be in the range of $14,000 to $19,000 per year. Unfortunately, this amount is not included in this years municipal budget allocation and there are no additional funds available to us. Therefore, as a concerned member of this community I have decided that my business will take the lead in assisting with this years security control budget. Accordingly, Bubbass Hardare will donate $1 for every $2 raised in the community to cover the additional security costs. I urge you to join me today in supporting this worthy cause for the common good of our community.

John Gradys Journey in All the Pretty Horses :: essays research papers

John Gradys journey is one that leads him from innocence to experience and lets him find the paradise for which he is looking. Grady is an outcast. At beginning of the novel he feels out of place in the world in which he is living. On top of that he neither understands why it is ever-changing nor is he willing to accept it. As he is sitting in the theatre watching his mothers play, the narrator tells us his thoughts Hed the notion that there would be something in the story itself to tell him about the way the world was or was becoming but there was not. The times are changing and hes unwilling to give up the past. The world is becoming modernized and people like him, cowboys and ranchers, are slowly disappearing. He runs away from home because he desires to find peace within himself as well as a place where he can feel he belongs. Here begins the adventure of John Grady and his best friend Lacey Rawlins. It is important to note here the means of travel. The story is taking place af ter World War II, a time when cars are fairly common, yet these boys decide to go on horseback, like in the fading old days. This is just another concept of how they are unwilling to give up a fading past. When they counterbalance begin their journey, the boys are having a good time. In a sense they?re two buddies on a road trip with no genuinely motive. Rawlins even mentions, ?You know what?I could get used to this life.? Then they meet Blevins, the foil in the plot that veers the two boys of their course and also has plays a berth in the lasting change of their personality. Their meeting with him gives an insight into Grady?s character. Rawlins is against letting Blevins come along with them, but because of John?s kind nature he ends up allowing Blevins to come. It?s because of this kindness and sense of morality, he gets into trouble later on.The crossing of the Rio Grande into Mexico is an important structural device and symbol in the novel. This is when they enter the ? vari ety? of the novel in which all the conflicts take place. The crossing of the river naked is symbolic for the cleansing of their souls as well as a new beginning. In save a short time after arriving in Mexico, conflicts start.

Extacy the Drug Essay examples -- essays research papers

In the past 20 years, chemically made drugs have been increasing in popularity among drug users all just about the world. Although old drugs like marijuana and cocaine are still used among addicts, chemically prepared drugs like Extacy and Angel Dust are becoming more than common and desired by drugs users today. It is also true that these drugs contain a much larger percentage of life threatening substances. Although Extacy is a dangerous drug, it has been overly rumored by the media to be the Killer Drug from Hell. This is unfair though, because the statistics show that deaths due to Extacy are rare and can usually be prevented by the user. over the past years, it has adapted many other names including E, XTC, X, Ecstasy, MDMA, MDA, Dove, Love, and Adam. (1) Extacy is 3,4 methylenedioxymethylamphetamine, (MDMA). It was invented in 1912 to help in medical science, but was used very rarely. In the 1970?s, it was also give tongue to to have been introduced as helping in psychotherapy. It was first used as a street and illicit drug in the mid 1980?s. MDMA is a part of the phenethylamines family of drugs. It is very similar to another drug in this family known as MDA (3,4 methylenedioxyamphetamine). MDA is basically a heavier form of MDMA, where the effects of the drug can populate longer, and the symptoms can get more severe. MDMA is also close to MDEA (3,4 methylenedioxyethylamphetamine) which is basically a lighter form of MDMA, where the effects last little and the symptoms are less powerful. It is proven to be extremely dangerous to those suffering from asthma, epilepsy, diabetes, hypertension, glaucoma and pregnant women. (1,3) Extacy is a powerful mood changer, which lets the user act the way he/she wants without having to... ...om the dancing is recommended for the liveliness to give itself a break. For the body to recover from Extacy, lots of Vitamin C and Calcium are needed. Also, sleeping and eating is another way of recovery, si nce a lot of readiness is lost from the dancing and being hyper while at the peak. (1,3,4,7) Extacy has been one of the drugs most desired by the public in the past decade. It is known to carry a risk factor along with it, but this factor seems to have become exaggerated by the media to certain levels. Although it is no Killer Drug, Extacy has caused some deaths. about of these deaths could have been prevented if the users had been careful. After saying all this, I must state again that Extacy is among the Class A group of drugs. This group contains the most dangerous drugs, and that is wherefore all people are recommended to stay far away from this drug as possible.

The United States Effect on Puerto Rican Music Essay -- Puerto Rico Mu

The get together States Effect on Puerto Rican Music The United States played an important economic consumption in the evolution of Puerto Rican culture, more specifically harmony. While Puerto Rican culture remains distinct from that of American culture, its historical progression is forever tied with that of the United States. This is obvious in the evolution of Puerto Rican medicine. It is also evident in the experience of Puerto Rican musicians both on the island and in the Diaspora. U.S rule was in part responsible for Puerto Rican migration both inside the island and off the island. This is so due to the political and economic relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States. As a result new genres, or styles of Puerto Rican music were created. The U.S also controlled how the music of the island would be communicated to the repose of the world. This numbered the way Puerto Ricans express their identity th rough music. The establishment of United States rule in Puerto Rico had an effect on the evolution of Puerto Rican culture as experienced by musicians in the United States. In evaluating the Puerto Rican situation it is important to discuss the context in which Puerto Rican musicians came to the United States, more specifically New York City, and what led to this migration. The rise of the sugar staple and downfall of coffee in Puerto Rico, as caused by the United States, resulted in a migration of Puerto Rican workers. They moved to sugar processing areas on the island, in search of jobs. Among these workers were musicians. Musicians could not sustain themselves on music alone. Therefore, just as the rest of the population had to pursue the jobs, so did the... ...ans. This effected the expression of Puerto Rican identity through music. While artists such as Pedro Flores and Rafael Hernandez made Puerto Rican music in its more native form, and also expressed frustr ations as to the current situation of Puerto Rico, such open expression was limited. In essence, the progression of Puerto Rican music is a microcosm of what has been the Puerto Rican experience since the rule of the Spanish. A dominant origin has invaded this aspect of Puerto Rican culture and dictated the arena in which it can be expressed, and how it can be expressed. As a result the question of what is true Puerto Rican music is complicated. It is not my intention to diminish the quality, uniqueness, or distinctiveness of Puerto Rican music, but rather to acknowledge the role the United States has played in its evolution and its depiction to the rest of the world.