The Storm By Kate Chopin - 1221 Words

I also disagreed with â€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin, because it suggested that it is possible to be with more than one person at any given point. To me, love is trust, and without trust, love is nonexistent. Marriage is a commitment, a promise to be both trusting and trustful. To betray that agreement is not to love. Calixata expresses â€Å"nothing but satisfaction at their safe return† (727) and this reader has to wonder how she cannot feel guilt. Alcee wrote a â€Å"loving letter† to his wife, and this reader still wonders where the guilt is. Though â€Å"the storm passed and everyone was happy†, I do not believe that the participants of deceit were happy, because happiness is content in oneself, and content cannot live where deception does. My favorite literary lens is Deconstructionism. A word may mean different things to everybody, and what the author means to express is not what the readers read. One famous example on a large scale is of the Harry Potter series. While they may not be classified as ‘literature’, they prove Deconstructionism’s point: J.K. Rowling did not intend to encourage ‘Satanism’ or anything of the like, but some extremely religious people took offense at her writing and derived that meaning from her books. I believe in free speech, and therefore she was justified in writing whatever she likes, and also the people that protested against her were totally justified. However, when one deems oneself judge, jury, and executioner for everyone else, that is not right. OnShow MoreRelatedThe Storm by Kate Chopin1332 Words   |  6 Pages The first thing I noticed about Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm,† is that it is utterly dripping with sexual imagery and symbolism. Our heroine, if you will, seems to be a woman with normally restrained passions and a well-defined sense of propriety, who finds herself in a situation that tears down her restraint and reveals the vixen within. I wonder if it was intentional that the name Calixta makes me think of Calypso – the nymph from Greek mythology. If half of the sexual symbolism I found in thisRead MoreThe Storm by Kate Chopin1238 Words   |  5 PagesKate Chopin is writing so many great stories about whatever she sees. Kate has many Wonderful stories such as, (The Storm, Desiree’s Baby, A Pair of Silk Stocking, A Respectable Woman, and The Story of an Hour). There is one story in particular that catches my mind which is â€Å"The Storm†. 0In Kate chopins era, women are seen as nothing more than a wife and have to stay with their husband for life. Chopin shows a dramatic scene between Alcee and Calixta during the time of a storm that is passing byRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin844 Words   |  4 Pages Kate Chopin writes a short story named â€Å"The storm.† The plot of the story where the author shows two married couples, a total of five people and two of them have an affair. We can see a woman who is a mother, a lover and a wife and her different reaction while performing each one of the different roles. After the storm the characters seem to reveal hidden aspects of them. The story begins when Bobinot and his son Bibi are at Fregheimer’s store and decide to stay there due to a storm that is comingRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pages Kate Chopin was an American author who wrote the short story â€Å"The Storm†. It takes place somewhere down in Louisiana at a general store and at the house of Calixta, Bobinot who is the wife of Calixta, and their son Bibi. The other character in the story is the friend of Calixta, Alcee Laballiere. The story begins with Bobinot and Bibi in the general store to buy a can of shrimp; meanwhile, at home, Calixta is at home doing chores when a storm develops, which makes her worry about Bobinot and BibiRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin1205 Words   |  5 Pagesmain character, Calixta, is interrelated with the setting of the story, â€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin. In â€Å"The Storm†, setting plays the role as a catalyst that ignites Alcee’s and Calixtaâ€⠄¢s passion that then runs parallel with the storm. As their relationship builds together, Calixta’s natural desires become fulfilled; which without an outlet on the ability to express our emotions and natural desires, conflicts and storms result in our lives. In the beginning of the story, Calixta is very much intoRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin869 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially true in Kate Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Storm.† Calixta went outside of her marriage for a sexual affair with Alcà ©e when he unexpectedly showed up and a storm came through. The three most prominent literary elements that were addressed in â€Å"The Storm† were foreshadowing, symbolism, and setting. First, there is foreshadowing in the story. Bae and Young agree that foreshadowing is when a story implies that something will happen in the future without saying it (1). In â€Å"The Storm,† an example ofRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin1649 Words   |  7 Pageslike writers in present day, Kate Chopin was a writer who wrote to reflect obstacles and instances occurring within her time period. Writing about personal obstacles, as well as issues occurring in the time period she lived, Chopin proved to be distinctive upon using her virtue. Kate Chopin was a determined individual, with true ambition and ability to produce writings that reflected women on a higher pedestal than they were valued in her time. â€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin is a short story written toRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin851 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin was written in 1899 but was not published until several years later. She understood how daring her piece was and never shared â€Å"The Storm† with anyone. Chopin was born in 1851 to a wealthy father and an aristocratic mother. At the age of nineteen, she married and moved to Louisiana with her husband, Oscar. Chopin is known for writing realistic but sexually rich literature. Her short story â€Å"The Storm† conveys sex as a joyous part of her life and not a destructive one. Read MoreKate Chopin s The Storm Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pagesfamous writer Kate Chopin once said, â€Å"The voice of the sea speaks to the soul.† The Awakening, (1899). Kate Chopin was widely recognized as one of the leading writers of her time. She was an American author of short stories and novels. She was born on February 08, 1850 in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. She died on August 22, 1904, in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Written in 1898 but not published until it appeared in The Complete Works of Kate Chopin in 1969, The Storm has been widelyRead MoreKate Chopin s The Storm883 Words   |  4 PagesBasically, the setting in the short story of Kate Chopin ‘The Storm’ presents a clear demonstration of an illicit but a romantic love affair. Indeed, the title has been used perfectly to signify the adulterous love affair. Most importantly, it is evident that the storm has not been used as a mere coincidence but instead it has been used to st eer the story and the affair forward. In fact, the storm has been significant during the start of the story, during its peak and ultimately in the end. Although

The Yellow Wallpaper Mental Illness And Oppression

On Mental Illness and Oppression in Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Mental illness is a pressing condition that requires a doctor’s acceptance and understanding to be treated. One must respect the disorder and be aware of its side effects and characteristics in order to comprehend what is happening to the affected individual. In today’s society, most people are accepting of people’s handicaps and take into consideration their limits, but in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, people were unaccepting of impairments and were quick to misjudge individuals leading them to be wrongly diagnosed. No piece of American literature better demonstrates this concern than Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† Gilman uses her background filled with her own struggles with mental illness and the oppression she suffered from her husband and 19th century society due to that illness to illustrate the outcome of a d octor or bystander dismissing the seriousness of the disease. A reader can witness the mental illness and oppression Gilman faced and the consequences of a misdiagnosis through her character Jane in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† Charlotte Perkins Gilman was an ambitious and revolutionary feminist and activist, but mental illness threatened to restrict her even before oppression did. In fact, Gilman began suffering from depression in her pubescent years. Many people suggest she â€Å"inherited† depression as the center of her life from her mother’s family, theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Charlotte Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper969 Words   |  4 PagesYellow Wallpaper Annotated Bibliography Frye, C.B. Using Literature in Health Care: Reflections on The Yellow Wallpaper. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. (32: 7). 1998. 829.33. Print. Most people who wrote about The Yellow Wallpaper do so from the perspective of a literary scholar. This however is written by someone in the health care field. C.B. Frye says that fiction can impact the larger world; in this case it impacted mental health and the work of Gillmans doctor, S Weir Mitchell. AlthoughRead MoreContributing Factors for the Degradation in Mental Illness from The Yellow Wallpaper and Bartleby the Scrivenor896 Words   |  4 PagesMelissa Mills Compare/Contrast October 5, 2011 Intro to Lit. MW 3:00 Contributing Factors for the Degradation in Mental Illness of the Nameless Narrator and Bartleby Until the late 1800’s when psychoanalysis was introduced, there was little to no distinction between classifications of mental illness. The female protagonist in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Bartleby of Herman Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivenor† are both characters that seem to suffer from depression.Read MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman885 Words   |  4 Pageshistory there has been a stigma around mental illness and feminism. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the 1900’s. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has many hidden truths within the story. The story was an embellished version her own struggle with what was most likely post-partum depression. As the story progresses, one can see that she is not receiving proper treatment for her depression and thus it is getting worse. Gilman uses the wallpaper and what she sees in it to symbolizeRead Mo reThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman936 Words   |  4 PagesIn the short story The Yellow Wallpaper, the author Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses this story give a voice to the women that were dealing with oppression from men. Women during the time when this story was written were almost exclusively under the dominance of males. They were mainly house wives, and did what the male forced them to do. Many women were working in the house, and not allowed to leave, consequently making them lonely and depressed. Because of this, women were not as educated as menRead MoreYellow Wallpaper Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper† Charlotte Perkins Gilman (Full name Charlotte Anna Perkins Stetson Gilman) American short story writer, essayist, novelist, and autobiographer. The following entry presents criticism of Gilman s short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† (1892). The short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by nineteenth-century feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman, was first published in 1892 in New England Magazine. Gilman s story, based upon her own experience with a â€Å"rest cure† for mental illness, wasRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1179 Words   |  5 Pagesby society. Charlotte Perkins Gilman experienced this oppression, especially while trying to deal with her post-partum depression. As a result, she was inspired to write the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† in which she tells the tale of a woman that has a severe mental break due to her mental illness. The narrator is also heavily oppressed by her husband and represents the society of her time. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† expresses the oppression of women through the husband’s control over the narratorRead MoreThe Struggle For Sanity By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1528 Words   |  7 Pages The Struggle for Sanity The Narrator, Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Short Story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has been one of the most scrutinized pieces of literature. Critics have analyzed it from various perspectives including feminist, anti-feminist, psychological to clinical. Some even claim the narrator’s work as an early feminist indictment of Victorian patriarchy. The Yellow Wallpaper is a short story about the narrator’s life experience afflicted with a depressive episode since adolescenceRead MoreThe Yellow Wall Paper By Charlotte Gilman1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe story â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper† written by Charlotte Gilman .It brings to light how much the narrator hates wallpaper and is a significant symbol portrayal of awful state. The yellow wallpaper can have a representation of many conditions and ideas, among them, the mental state of the narrator. The paper is going to survey what the yellow wallpaper represents and notice how it is being depicted over the progression of the story. In addition, it will be explored why the yellow paper is likened toRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper And The Story Of An Hour Analysis983 Words   |  4 PagesCharlotte Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† both take place primarily in domestic spaces representative of the attitudes and feelings of each character. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† tells the story of a young woman’s decent into depression and madness, commonly attributed to the excessive and unnecessary control her husband exerts over her. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† delves into the conflicted mind of a young woman after hearing the news of her husband’s death and herRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1511 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman. Her work, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, addresses the reality of gender status and roles and the treatment of psychological disorders during the nineteenth century. When explicating her work through a psychological perspective, it is clear to see how Gilman uses setting, symbolism, and personification to portray a realistic view of a woman with a psychological disorder and her treatment. Charlotte Gilman applies her own experiences with her mental illnesses to the story in order to

Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters Free Essays

string(64) " which relax them that people facing the problem of depression\." ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the trend of self medication among youngsters. Methods: A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collected was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics. We will write a custom essay sample on Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters or any similar topic only for you Order Now Data analyzed done using chi-square test to check the associations among variables. Results: The result shows that the number of youngsters participated in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall response is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate youngsters. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication. Qualification and understanding own illness is not independent. Lack of time is found to be a fact that males do self medication more often then females the trend towards self medication is increasing day by day. Conclusion: Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22. The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor. Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. Key words: Self medication, youngsters, trend, prescription. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the study Self-medication is defined as obtaining and using medicine without the suggestion of a doctor either for diagnosis. Drugs for self-medication are normally name as ‘nonprescription’ or ‘over the counter’ (OTC) and are obtainable without advice of doctor’s through chemists. Self medication is nowadays gradually being considered as a self-care component. Support of self-care is seen as give patients’ every view to take accountability and create self-confidence in their ability to deal with their own health. Unlike other characteristics of self-care, self-medication involves the use of medicines and medicines have the potential to do better as well as cause harm. This is mainly concern to these countries where there is lack of enforcement of system leading to accessibility of non prescription medicines over the counter like Pakistan. This results in extensive use of such drugs which is related with serious undesirable effects. Numerous cases studies have stated that unsuitable self-medication outcomes in wastage of resources and causes serious health hazard such as unwanted drug reactions, prolonged suffering and drug dependence. When the medication correctly done, self-medication might be save the time which spent in waiting to see a physician, may be cost-effective and also propose savings for medical schemes and the general healthcare system. The WHO has also pointed out that dependable self-medication can help patient and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper option for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person tolerates primary accountability for the use of self-medication products. All parties concerned in self-medication should be attentive of the advantages and disadvantages of any self-medication product. Through many studies have been conducted in different populations to appraise the practice of self-medication there is a scarceness of studies on self-medication among university and medical students. To enhance our knowledge we carry on this agenda and targeted the youngsters to find out the practices of self-medication in youngsters of Karachi. This study is conduct on trend of Self-medication in youngsters of Karachi. Self medication trend is continuously increasing in youngsters. This study might be helpful to determine the rate of self medication in youngster of schools, colleges and universities of Karachi. This study also explores the injurious effects of self medication, causes for not discussing with the doctor and general issues for which students rely on self medication. Self-medication is the healing of general health issues with drugs particularly proposed and labeled for utilize without any medical prescription and permitted as safe and useful for such medical issues. To enhance our information, we conduct this study in Karachi and especially target the youngsters to evaluate self medication in the youth. In Karachi, approximately every chemist sells medicines without a prescription of doctor; a phenomenon seen in many is developing countries. Self medication is a part of health care and it is measured as initial public health source in system of health care. Use of non-prescription medicines by people on their own initiative is a part of self medication and it is in common practice in youngsters for common issues related to their health. Self medication also encompasses the use of the medicines by the users for self perceived health problems or the continuing use of medications formally prescribed earlier. Further broading of the definition includes treatment of family members especially to minor and elderly. Adverse effects of self medication Its very common in our society that whenever we catch a cough, flu or any common disease we have fixed a prescription in our mind and we do self-medication in such situations. We ask any of our friends or neighbors who prescribes the medicine which was effective for him. We do these types of things but the main thing we forget in all this is going to a doctor. Some adverse effects of self-medication are as follows. Insomnia Due to self-medication you can face the problem of insomnia. Insomnia is a sleeping disorder this is very common now a days and one of the major reason to insomnia is self-medication. When this problem occurs again open you medicine box and do self-medication again for this problem too. This worsens your problem. When you take one type of medicine again and again you may addicted to it and you also get dependent on such medicines. Skin problems When you involve in self medication you will get some skin problem or any other allergy due to reaction of medicine. Skin problem that occur due to self-medication are itching and redness on your skin. Depression People who have a habit of taking medicines which relax them that people facing the problem of depression. You read "Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters" in category "Essay examples" Many people self-medicate themselves to get relax without the advice of doctor. This type of habit may cause serious problem and no one can deny the effects of this self-medication addiction. Skin problems through creams and lotions Self-medication is does not only mean to in take such medicines. Self-medication can also be using lotion or cream on your skin without the advice of doctor. This type of self medication can also cause many skin problems. 1. 2 Objective of the study The Aim/objective of this study is to determine the trend of Self medication among youngsters. 1. 3 Problem statement Although self-medication being an issue of global concern, especially in Pakistan self medication is very common and rising day by day. Literate people involve in the practices of self medication more than illiterate people. This study includes some general aspects of self medication to identify the frequency of self medication among the youngsters. 1. 4 Hypothesis Ho1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are independent. Ha 1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are not independent. Ho1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and gender are independent. Ha 1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and gender are not independent. Ho1. 4. 3: self medication among youngsters and qualification are independent. Ha 1. 4. : self medication among youngsters and qualification are not independent. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Trends of Self-Medication According to Khalid (2010) in our country Self medication is an average. The counter sales of nearly all medicine are available without any prescription or regulation this is one of the major factor probably contributing to this phenomenon. In the practice of our dermatology, we commonly meet patients with acne infections due to use of topical self m edication. The prevalence of self medication is extensively high in the acne infections patients in our residents. The most frequently used medication was potent topical steroids. 2. 2 Self-Medication practices According to Shankar et al (2002) Mild illness is the most common reason of self-medication which is mentioned in the literature, prior knowledge of treating related disease, lack of availability of healthcare personnel and financial considerations. Analgesics and antimicrobial are commonly used for self medications. In addition to allopathic medicines,  herbal medicines were also usually used for self-medication. 2. 3 Reasons for self-medication practice According to Almasdy et al, (2011) Among university students the major reason for self-medication were their prior experiences and the majority of the authors agreed with this major reason of self medication, their health problems was measured as too insignificant and time savings. Family or friends guidance, non availability of transport, doctor was not available, capability to self-manage the symptom, urgency of the problem and have adequate information were other main reasons for self-medication practice. Have reported that the main reasons to self-medication practice among university student were lack of time and low cost consultation. 2. 4 Demographic characteristics and prevalence of self medication practice According to Hussain et al. (2011) many of these researches mentioned the mean age of undergraduates was under 25 years old. This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate students. In manner of sexual characteristics, prevalence of the undergraduates who have involved in self-medication is female. Three of these researches have been engaged to undergraduates majoring in equally health and non-health courses, while two of the studies have engaged to undergraduates simply majoring in health, and the rest did not revealed the field of the undergraduates involved in the studies. Frequency of self-medication observed among the university student was diverse. The occurrence of self-medication reported was mainly depend on how the query was created in the questionnaire. For example, the occurrence reported was authentic, if the question was concerned to the modern practice of self-medication. On the contrary, when asked whether the students had used any medication for the past one month, the incidence reported was low. However, some studies did not report the prevalence of self medication. Due to the difference in the methods used in studies, therefore, it is quite difficult to estimate the true prevalence rate of self-medication in university students. 2. 5 Benefits and Risks of Self Medication According to Carmel M et al. 2001) Practices of self-care for mild illnesses are increasingly encouraging by some governments, including self-medication. Support of self-care is observed as giving all probability to patients to take accountability and construct confidence in their capability to control their own health. Patient confidence is observed as a helpful step in the improvement of the correlation between patient and healthcare provider and is descri bed as an significant health policy model. 2. 6 In? uences on Knowledge and Attitudes about Prescription Drugs among Teens. According to Twombly et al, (2008) escalating precise information about the hazards of recommended medicines misuse is expected to reduce misuse. In fact, there is an inverse relationship between level of perceived risk and likelihood of use when it comes to teenagers’ willingness to misuse prescription drugs. 2. 7 Symptoms leading to self-medication According to Zafar et al. (2008) Approximately in Pakistan, everyone can get medicine without any prescription, mostly pharmacy selling medicines without a doctor advise; this incident observed in every developing nations. Even, antibiotics and high potential medicines are easily available to the common man. The common practices of self-medication among undergraduates is leading to the main symptoms of self-medication were headache or mild pain; fever; flu, caught and cold; and diarrhea. Others symptoms includes allergy, skin problems, inability to sleep, vomiting, eye and ear symptoms, menstrual syndrome and others minor problems. This case study shows the outcome of the Pakistani youth’s information, mind-set, and practice towards self medication. 2. 8 Sources of drug information According to Hussain et al, (2008) in this research, the author explains sources of drug information in self-medication practice. In this research statement shows that the undergraduates obtain access to drug information from many resources. Which is relate to their own earlier experience, family, contacts or university course mates, pharmacy sales representative, doctor or nurse, and advertisement in the television, radio, newspaper, magazine or books. 2. 9 Problems-related to self-medication practices According to James et al, (2006) a new important findings significance of elf-medication highlighted in this literature was the effect of health instruction on the knowledge of drug’s side-effects amid the self medicating undergraduates. Calculate the effect of exposure to medical knowledge to equally the first year and senior medical undergraduates. The research exposed that troubles linked with self-medications were fewer in senior medical undergraduates as contrast to the fi rst year students. Less awareness of medical information may be reason to the low self-assurance of the first year medical students 2. 0 Self -Medication among university students According to Mumtaz et al, (2011) Self medication mounting the probability of illegal use of medicine and medicine addiction and due to this the symptoms of disease are underlying thus are complicating the problem, produce drug resistance and create difficulty to diagnosis. On the other side many of people involved in self medication who accept accountability and are cautious is a source saving phenomenon to the health system. Easy accessibility of the medicine by the counter sales increases self medication. Self medication is a phenomenon and practiced almost in the countries all over the world with different prevalence. In the low and middle income countries, commonness of self medication is higher. This research is explained that the educated people tend to practice self medication more than uneducated peoples. According to this research the frequency of self medication among undergraduates of medical and non medical is nearly 80%. This study endorses earlier reported local estimates of self medication among university students. . 11 Self-Medication in Nigeria According to Fadare et al, (2011) now a day’s Self-medication is growing in the population many counties as a common type of self-care behavior. Many global researches have explored the frequency and characteristics of self-medication practices at the resident’s level. In Nigeria, many studies conduct to find the frequency of self-medication in general; still the frequency of antibiotic self-medication among medica l undergraduates has not been conducted. The interest in studying this practice among this select group is due to the fact that they are the future prescribes and health educators of the population of Nigeria. 2. 12 Evaluation of Self-Medication According to SD Sontakke et al, (2011) The World Health Organization has also identified that proper self-medication can help patients and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper substitute for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person takes primary accountability for the use of self-medication products. Every individual must be aware of advantages and disadvantages of self medication products who involved in self-medication practices . however many researches has been conducted in different populations to assess the frequency of self-medication there is a paucity of studies on self-medication among medical students. Support of self-care is considered as providing patients’ every opportunity to construct self-confidence in their capability to control their own health. Unlike other aspects of self-care, self-medication involves the use of drugs and drugs have the potential to do good as well as cause harm. . 13 Self-medication in Sri lanka According to Wijesinghe et al, (2012) Self medication growing with increasing literacy and it is even appreciated so as to have self-sufficiency for healing, preventive , primitives and rehabilitative care . If done properly, it is helpful to save expenses of health care seekers. therefore, considering the usefulness of self-medication, the W orld Health Organization (WHO) has focused to develop strategy for regulatory estimation of the medicines suitable for self-medication. he frequency of Self-medication is very familiar among women, youngster, those individuals who living alone and the individuals who belongs to low financial status (SES), sufferers of chronic ailments and psychiatric conditions. Many researches in Sri Lanka were conducted to city areas which have well built-up health and hospitals networks. Substitute indicators such as self-medication prevalence for malaria indicate that self-medication is relatively low in rural areas. 2. 14 Self-Medication pattern in Punjab According to S Shveta et al, (2011) the frequency of self medication practices is common in the state. Fever, cough and cold are reasons for the use of self-medication. The most common drugs which is commonly used for self-medication is tonics and food supplements and it is taken frequently without prescription. We recommend that holistic approach should be taken to prevent this problem, which contain correct knowledge and information regarding the self medication and strictness concerning pharmaceutical marketing. Furthermore especially in case of Punjab state ban must be implemented on counter sale of medicines. Dispensing modes in the state required to be enhanced by proper education, regulatory and administrative strategies. . 15 Self-Medication in Children’s According to Oshikoya et al, (2007) medicine use in children is of great anxiety worldwide and has received a lot of attention. Various researches have been performed in the urbanized and developing countries, and have all the countries faced many problems from mistreat and abuse of recommended medicines, and errors of medications. Children include a larger percentage of the residents in developing countries and are responsible to many illnesses as a effect of poverty. The majority of medicines in children are used outside of hospitals, both as recommended and non- recommended medicines. The primary reply by the majority families too many diseases in their children has been found to be use of non-prescribed medicines . Self-medication is very common among urban children in Nigeria. The presented laws concerning the use and sale of over the counter medicine, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs must be reinforced to ensure normal use of medicines. 2. 16 Self-medication practices for drug consumers According to Andualem et al, (2004) On Socio-demographic the respondents concealed the characteristic of drug consumers consist of all age category like both genders, pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers. Self-medication illnesses that reported very commonly in the respondents were headache, fever, cold, respiratory tract infection and gastrointestinal diseases. Education for the self-medication should be provided to public as well as health care providers ;i. e; this type of illnesses can be easily self-treated and diagnosed and the drug products to be used in promoting the responsible self-medication. 2. 17 Self-medication in West Uttarpradesh According to Ghosh et al, (2010) some students reported that they were alcoholic, smoker or involve in some chronic problems i. . non-communicable diseases, they have less awareness about the medicines that they use with smoking, alcohol or suffer problems with chronic diseases. Non-seriousness related to the disease is the most common reason reported for self-treated and for self-medication, previous experience on the medicine and emergency use. 2. 18 Assessment of Self-medication According to Sawalha, (2007) In An-Najah students the preferen ce of self-medication in very common. Practice of treating this condition is done either simple or by previous experience. Even important self-medication predictors did present in the studied group, types of medications knowledge on the level of self-care orientation can be significant in analyzing the self-medication practices. 2. 19 Health care strategies According to Haider et al, (1995) treatment from some medical systems found in majority of cases. Health care behavior for childhood illnesses and assessment of the degree and the reasons for self-medication assess in Karachi, Pakistan. The main reason is the good past experience of self-medication. he main reason is the use of different medicines by health professional that influence the parents for self-medicate to their children. Self-medication is hard to reduce but some information can be made to discourage wrong use of harmful drugs. 2. 20 Self-medication (WHO). According to WHO (1988) The WHO pointed that Self medication can help and treat illness that does not require any consultation of medication and provides a cheaper option for treat such common diseases. Yet, the person bears basic responsibility for the use of self-medication products. Due to self-medication products parties should be aware about the benefits and risks of self-medication. 3 METHADOLOGY This part presents an overview of the methods to be used in the study. Areas covered in this part include data collection, variables, sample and sampling techniques and model for analyzed the data. 3. 1 Data In this study primary data is used for gathering information. A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collection was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics. Data analyzed complete using chi-square test to check the associations between variables. 3. 2 Variables Variables used in this study are 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Qualification 3. 3 Sample and Sampling techniques Convenience sampling techniques is use to select respondents from Gulshan-e-iqbal area. A convenience sample of 100 participants was taken. A questionnaire was distributed among participants after explaining the background of the study and objective. 3. 4 Model The model we are used. To summarize the questionnaires we used statistical model of chi-square. According to Zafar et al (2008) the author used Chi-square in his study. 4 RESULT Table: 1 QUALIFICATION v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 29. 354| 0. 007| Reject| SELF MEDICATION| 6. 425| 0. 6| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 11. 48| 0. 321| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 16. 431| 0. 37| Accept| HIGH FEES| 7. 423| 0. 492| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 12. 461| 0. 132| Accept| DANGEROUS| 10. 582| 0. 221| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 12. 285| 0. 139| Accept| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 16. 846| 0. 032| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. alue shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the qualification shows that self medication (0. 6), prescribe (0. 321), lack of time (0. 37), high fees (0. 492), side effects (0. 132), dangerous (0. 221), youngsters (0. 139) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the qualification Table: 2 GENDER v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 6. 053| 0. 195| Accept| SELF MEDICATION| 3. 334| 0. 504| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 9. 368| 0. 095| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 14. 038| 0. 007| Reject| HIGH FEES| 2. 38| 0. 71| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 5. 008| 0. 286| Accept| DANGEROUS| 8. 898| 0. 064| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 2. 356| 0. 671| Accept| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 1. 361| 0. 851| Accept| It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the gender that My illness (0. 195), self medication(0. 504), Prescribe (0. 095)high fees(0. 71),side effects(0. 286), dangerous(0. 064), youngsters(0. 671), Communication chain (0. 851) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the gender. Table: 3 AGE v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 12. 914| 0. 115| Accept| SELF MEDICATION| 7. 128| 0. 523| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 7. 612| 0. 667| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 9. 468| 0. 304| Accept| HIGH FEES| 12. 789| 0. 119| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 2. 677| 0. 953| Accept| DANGEROUS| 11. 182| 0. 192| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 19. 388| 0. 013| Reject| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 15. 794| 0. 045| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the age that my illness (0. 115), self medication (0. 23), prescribe (0. 667), lack of time (0. 304), high fees (0. 119), side effects (0. 953), dangerous (0. 192) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the age. 5 DISCUSSION In the light of the literature review self medication is a most common practice. In this study mostly males involve in self medication. The number of youngsters participate in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall reply is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This shows that the greater part of the samples was undergraduate youngsters. In term of gender, majority of the youngsters who adept self-medication are males. Moreover, the sampling methods were varied among the studies, range from convenience. The trend of self-medication is high in undergraduate youngsters as compared to the inter and metric level youngsters. Mostly Youngsters have a preference of self-medication, 63% of undergraduates, 18% of inter and only 19% of metric youngsters involve in self medication. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication. Qualification and understanding own illnesses are not independent. So we accepted alternative hypothesis. Increasing communication chain is also one of the major reasons of increment of self medication in well qualified too. The above data was found to be good sufficient to maintain from literature review that the trend towards self medication is increasing literally. 6 CONCLUSION Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22. The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor. Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. 7 BIBLOGRAPHY Almasdy Dedy Azmi Sherrif , (2011 ), Self-Medication Practice with Nonprescription Medication among University Students: a review of the literature, Archives of Pharmacy Practice, Vol 2, No 3, pp 95-100. Andualem Tenaw, B. Pharm, BA, et al, (2004), SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICES IN ADDIS ABABA: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY, Ethiopia Journal health science, Vol 14, No 1, pp 1-11. Carmel M, Hughes; McElnay, James C; Fleming, Glenda F. , (2001), Bene? ts and risks of self medication, Drug Safety, Vol 24, No 14, pp 1027-1037. Fadare Joseph O Igbiks Tamuno, (2011), Antibiotic self-medication among university medical undergraduates in Northern Nigeria, Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, Vol 3, No 5, pp 217-220. Ghosh Sourav, Vikas, Vimal, et al, (2010), Evaluation of the practice of self medication among college students in west Uttar Pradesh, International Journal of Pharma Professional’s Research, Vol 1, No 1, pp 14-18. Haider S, Thaver IH, (1995), Self medication or self care: implication for primary health care strategies, J Pak Med Assoc, Vol 45, No11, pp 297-298. Hussain Azhar, Asifa Khanum,(2008), Self medication among university students of Islamabad, Pakistan- a preliminary study, Southern Med Review, Vol 1, No 1, pp 14-16. Hussain Shahzad, Farnaz Malik, Kazi Muhammad Ashfaq, et al , (2011), Prevalence of self-medication and health-seeking behavior in a developing country, African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Vol 5 , No 7, pp 972-978 James Henry, Shailendra S, Handu Khalid A. J, et al, (2006), Evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among first-year medical students, Med Princ Practice, Vol 15, No 4, pp 270-275. Khalid Tanzeela, Tariq Iqbal, (2010),Trends of self medication in patients with acne vulgarus, JUMDC, Vol 1, No 1, pp 10-13. Mumtaz Yasmin, S. M. Ashraf Jahangeer, Tahira Mujtaba, et al, (2011), Self Medication among University Students of Karachi, JLUMHS, Vol 10, No 3, pp 102-105. Oshikoya K A, O F Njokanma, J A Bello, et al, (2007), Family self-medication for children in an urban area of Nigeria , Paediatric and Perinatal Drug Therapy, Vol 8, No 3, pp 124-130. S Shveta, Jagmohan S, (2011), A study of self medication pattern in Punjab, Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Vol 4, No 2, pp 43-46. Sawalha, Ansam F, (2007), Assessment of self-medication practice among University students in Palestine: Therapeutic and Toxicity Implications, The Islamic University Journal (Series of Natural Studies and Engineering), Vol 15, No 2, pp 67-82. SD Sontakke, Bajait CS , Pimpalkhute SA, et al, (2011), Comparative study of evaluation of self-medication practices in first and third year medical student, International Journal of Biological ; Medical Research , Vol 2, No 2, pp 561-564. Shankar PR, P Partha and N Shenoy, (2002), Self-medication and non-doctor prescription practices in Pokhara valley, Western Nepal: a questionnaire-based study, BMC Family Practice, Vol 3, No 17, pp 1-7. Twombly Eric C ; Kristen D. Holtz, (2008), Teens and the Misuse of Prescription Drugs:Evidence-Based Recommendations to Curb a Growing Societal Problem, J Primary Prevent, Vol 29, No 18, pp 503–516. WHO, (1988), The role of pharmacist in self-care and self-medication, Netherland. Wijesinghe R Pushpa, Ravindra L Jayakody, Rohini de A Seneviratne, (2012), Prevalence and predictors of self-medication in a selected urban and rural district of Sri Lanka, WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health, Vol 1, No 1, pp 28-41. Zafar Syed Nabeel, Reema Syed, Sana Waqar, et al, (2008), Self medication amongst university students of Karachi: prevalence, knowledge and attitudes, J Pak Med Assoc, Vol 58, No 4, pp 214-217. http://apps. who. int/medicinedocs/pdf/whozip32e/whozip32e. pdf How to cite Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters, Essay examples Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters Free Essays string(64) " which relax them that people facing the problem of depression\." ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the trend of self medication among youngsters. Methods: A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collected was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics. We will write a custom essay sample on Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters or any similar topic only for you Order Now Data analyzed done using chi-square test to check the associations among variables. Results: The result shows that the number of youngsters participated in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall response is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate youngsters. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication. Qualification and understanding own illness is not independent. Lack of time is found to be a fact that males do self medication more often then females the trend towards self medication is increasing day by day. Conclusion: Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22. The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor. Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. Key words: Self medication, youngsters, trend, prescription. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the study Self-medication is defined as obtaining and using medicine without the suggestion of a doctor either for diagnosis. Drugs for self-medication are normally name as ‘nonprescription’ or ‘over the counter’ (OTC) and are obtainable without advice of doctor’s through chemists. Self medication is nowadays gradually being considered as a self-care component. Support of self-care is seen as give patients’ every view to take accountability and create self-confidence in their ability to deal with their own health. Unlike other characteristics of self-care, self-medication involves the use of medicines and medicines have the potential to do better as well as cause harm. This is mainly concern to these countries where there is lack of enforcement of system leading to accessibility of non prescription medicines over the counter like Pakistan. This results in extensive use of such drugs which is related with serious undesirable effects. Numerous cases studies have stated that unsuitable self-medication outcomes in wastage of resources and causes serious health hazard such as unwanted drug reactions, prolonged suffering and drug dependence. When the medication correctly done, self-medication might be save the time which spent in waiting to see a physician, may be cost-effective and also propose savings for medical schemes and the general healthcare system. The WHO has also pointed out that dependable self-medication can help patient and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper option for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person tolerates primary accountability for the use of self-medication products. All parties concerned in self-medication should be attentive of the advantages and disadvantages of any self-medication product. Through many studies have been conducted in different populations to appraise the practice of self-medication there is a scarceness of studies on self-medication among university and medical students. To enhance our knowledge we carry on this agenda and targeted the youngsters to find out the practices of self-medication in youngsters of Karachi. This study is conduct on trend of Self-medication in youngsters of Karachi. Self medication trend is continuously increasing in youngsters. This study might be helpful to determine the rate of self medication in youngster of schools, colleges and universities of Karachi. This study also explores the injurious effects of self medication, causes for not discussing with the doctor and general issues for which students rely on self medication. Self-medication is the healing of general health issues with drugs particularly proposed and labeled for utilize without any medical prescription and permitted as safe and useful for such medical issues. To enhance our information, we conduct this study in Karachi and especially target the youngsters to evaluate self medication in the youth. In Karachi, approximately every chemist sells medicines without a prescription of doctor; a phenomenon seen in many is developing countries. Self medication is a part of health care and it is measured as initial public health source in system of health care. Use of non-prescription medicines by people on their own initiative is a part of self medication and it is in common practice in youngsters for common issues related to their health. Self medication also encompasses the use of the medicines by the users for self perceived health problems or the continuing use of medications formally prescribed earlier. Further broading of the definition includes treatment of family members especially to minor and elderly. Adverse effects of self medication Its very common in our society that whenever we catch a cough, flu or any common disease we have fixed a prescription in our mind and we do self-medication in such situations. We ask any of our friends or neighbors who prescribes the medicine which was effective for him. We do these types of things but the main thing we forget in all this is going to a doctor. Some adverse effects of self-medication are as follows. Insomnia Due to self-medication you can face the problem of insomnia. Insomnia is a sleeping disorder this is very common now a days and one of the major reason to insomnia is self-medication. When this problem occurs again open you medicine box and do self-medication again for this problem too. This worsens your problem. When you take one type of medicine again and again you may addicted to it and you also get dependent on such medicines. Skin problems When you involve in self medication you will get some skin problem or any other allergy due to reaction of medicine. Skin problem that occur due to self-medication are itching and redness on your skin. Depression People who have a habit of taking medicines which relax them that people facing the problem of depression. You read "Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters" in category "Papers" Many people self-medicate themselves to get relax without the advice of doctor. This type of habit may cause serious problem and no one can deny the effects of this self-medication addiction. Skin problems through creams and lotions Self-medication is does not only mean to in take such medicines. Self-medication can also be using lotion or cream on your skin without the advice of doctor. This type of self medication can also cause many skin problems. 1. 2 Objective of the study The Aim/objective of this study is to determine the trend of Self medication among youngsters. 1. 3 Problem statement Although self-medication being an issue of global concern, especially in Pakistan self medication is very common and rising day by day. Literate people involve in the practices of self medication more than illiterate people. This study includes some general aspects of self medication to identify the frequency of self medication among the youngsters. 1. 4 Hypothesis Ho1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are independent. Ha 1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are not independent. Ho1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and gender are independent. Ha 1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and gender are not independent. Ho1. 4. 3: self medication among youngsters and qualification are independent. Ha 1. 4. : self medication among youngsters and qualification are not independent. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Trends of Self-Medication According to Khalid (2010) in our country Self medication is an average. The counter sales of nearly all medicine are available without any prescription or regulation this is one of the major factor probably contributing to this phenomenon. In the practice of our dermatology, we commonly meet patients with acne infections due to use of topical self m edication. The prevalence of self medication is extensively high in the acne infections patients in our residents. The most frequently used medication was potent topical steroids. 2. 2 Self-Medication practices According to Shankar et al (2002) Mild illness is the most common reason of self-medication which is mentioned in the literature, prior knowledge of treating related disease, lack of availability of healthcare personnel and financial considerations. Analgesics and antimicrobial are commonly used for self medications. In addition to allopathic medicines,  herbal medicines were also usually used for self-medication. 2. 3 Reasons for self-medication practice According to Almasdy et al, (2011) Among university students the major reason for self-medication were their prior experiences and the majority of the authors agreed with this major reason of self medication, their health problems was measured as too insignificant and time savings. Family or friends guidance, non availability of transport, doctor was not available, capability to self-manage the symptom, urgency of the problem and have adequate information were other main reasons for self-medication practice. Have reported that the main reasons to self-medication practice among university student were lack of time and low cost consultation. 2. 4 Demographic characteristics and prevalence of self medication practice According to Hussain et al. (2011) many of these researches mentioned the mean age of undergraduates was under 25 years old. This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate students. In manner of sexual characteristics, prevalence of the undergraduates who have involved in self-medication is female. Three of these researches have been engaged to undergraduates majoring in equally health and non-health courses, while two of the studies have engaged to undergraduates simply majoring in health, and the rest did not revealed the field of the undergraduates involved in the studies. Frequency of self-medication observed among the university student was diverse. The occurrence of self-medication reported was mainly depend on how the query was created in the questionnaire. For example, the occurrence reported was authentic, if the question was concerned to the modern practice of self-medication. On the contrary, when asked whether the students had used any medication for the past one month, the incidence reported was low. However, some studies did not report the prevalence of self medication. Due to the difference in the methods used in studies, therefore, it is quite difficult to estimate the true prevalence rate of self-medication in university students. 2. 5 Benefits and Risks of Self Medication According to Carmel M et al. 2001) Practices of self-care for mild illnesses are increasingly encouraging by some governments, including self-medication. Support of self-care is observed as giving all probability to patients to take accountability and construct confidence in their capability to control their own health. Patient confidence is observed as a helpful step in the improvement of the correlation between patient and healthcare provider and is descri bed as an significant health policy model. 2. 6 In? uences on Knowledge and Attitudes about Prescription Drugs among Teens. According to Twombly et al, (2008) escalating precise information about the hazards of recommended medicines misuse is expected to reduce misuse. In fact, there is an inverse relationship between level of perceived risk and likelihood of use when it comes to teenagers’ willingness to misuse prescription drugs. 2. 7 Symptoms leading to self-medication According to Zafar et al. (2008) Approximately in Pakistan, everyone can get medicine without any prescription, mostly pharmacy selling medicines without a doctor advise; this incident observed in every developing nations. Even, antibiotics and high potential medicines are easily available to the common man. The common practices of self-medication among undergraduates is leading to the main symptoms of self-medication were headache or mild pain; fever; flu, caught and cold; and diarrhea. Others symptoms includes allergy, skin problems, inability to sleep, vomiting, eye and ear symptoms, menstrual syndrome and others minor problems. This case study shows the outcome of the Pakistani youth’s information, mind-set, and practice towards self medication. 2. 8 Sources of drug information According to Hussain et al, (2008) in this research, the author explains sources of drug information in self-medication practice. In this research statement shows that the undergraduates obtain access to drug information from many resources. Which is relate to their own earlier experience, family, contacts or university course mates, pharmacy sales representative, doctor or nurse, and advertisement in the television, radio, newspaper, magazine or books. 2. 9 Problems-related to self-medication practices According to James et al, (2006) a new important findings significance of elf-medication highlighted in this literature was the effect of health instruction on the knowledge of drug’s side-effects amid the self medicating undergraduates. Calculate the effect of exposure to medical knowledge to equally the first year and senior medical undergraduates. The research exposed that troubles linked with self-medications were fewer in senior medical undergraduates as contrast to the fi rst year students. Less awareness of medical information may be reason to the low self-assurance of the first year medical students 2. 0 Self -Medication among university students According to Mumtaz et al, (2011) Self medication mounting the probability of illegal use of medicine and medicine addiction and due to this the symptoms of disease are underlying thus are complicating the problem, produce drug resistance and create difficulty to diagnosis. On the other side many of people involved in self medication who accept accountability and are cautious is a source saving phenomenon to the health system. Easy accessibility of the medicine by the counter sales increases self medication. Self medication is a phenomenon and practiced almost in the countries all over the world with different prevalence. In the low and middle income countries, commonness of self medication is higher. This research is explained that the educated people tend to practice self medication more than uneducated peoples. According to this research the frequency of self medication among undergraduates of medical and non medical is nearly 80%. This study endorses earlier reported local estimates of self medication among university students. . 11 Self-Medication in Nigeria According to Fadare et al, (2011) now a day’s Self-medication is growing in the population many counties as a common type of self-care behavior. Many global researches have explored the frequency and characteristics of self-medication practices at the resident’s level. In Nigeria, many studies conduct to find the frequency of self-medication in general; still the frequency of antibiotic self-medication among medica l undergraduates has not been conducted. The interest in studying this practice among this select group is due to the fact that they are the future prescribes and health educators of the population of Nigeria. 2. 12 Evaluation of Self-Medication According to SD Sontakke et al, (2011) The World Health Organization has also identified that proper self-medication can help patients and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper substitute for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person takes primary accountability for the use of self-medication products. Every individual must be aware of advantages and disadvantages of self medication products who involved in self-medication practices . however many researches has been conducted in different populations to assess the frequency of self-medication there is a paucity of studies on self-medication among medical students. Support of self-care is considered as providing patients’ every opportunity to construct self-confidence in their capability to control their own health. Unlike other aspects of self-care, self-medication involves the use of drugs and drugs have the potential to do good as well as cause harm. . 13 Self-medication in Sri lanka According to Wijesinghe et al, (2012) Self medication growing with increasing literacy and it is even appreciated so as to have self-sufficiency for healing, preventive , primitives and rehabilitative care . If done properly, it is helpful to save expenses of health care seekers. therefore, considering the usefulness of self-medication, the W orld Health Organization (WHO) has focused to develop strategy for regulatory estimation of the medicines suitable for self-medication. he frequency of Self-medication is very familiar among women, youngster, those individuals who living alone and the individuals who belongs to low financial status (SES), sufferers of chronic ailments and psychiatric conditions. Many researches in Sri Lanka were conducted to city areas which have well built-up health and hospitals networks. Substitute indicators such as self-medication prevalence for malaria indicate that self-medication is relatively low in rural areas. 2. 14 Self-Medication pattern in Punjab According to S Shveta et al, (2011) the frequency of self medication practices is common in the state. Fever, cough and cold are reasons for the use of self-medication. The most common drugs which is commonly used for self-medication is tonics and food supplements and it is taken frequently without prescription. We recommend that holistic approach should be taken to prevent this problem, which contain correct knowledge and information regarding the self medication and strictness concerning pharmaceutical marketing. Furthermore especially in case of Punjab state ban must be implemented on counter sale of medicines. Dispensing modes in the state required to be enhanced by proper education, regulatory and administrative strategies. . 15 Self-Medication in Children’s According to Oshikoya et al, (2007) medicine use in children is of great anxiety worldwide and has received a lot of attention. Various researches have been performed in the urbanized and developing countries, and have all the countries faced many problems from mistreat and abuse of recommended medicines, and errors of medications. Children include a larger percentage of the residents in developing countries and are responsible to many illnesses as a effect of poverty. The majority of medicines in children are used outside of hospitals, both as recommended and non- recommended medicines. The primary reply by the majority families too many diseases in their children has been found to be use of non-prescribed medicines . Self-medication is very common among urban children in Nigeria. The presented laws concerning the use and sale of over the counter medicine, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs must be reinforced to ensure normal use of medicines. 2. 16 Self-medication practices for drug consumers According to Andualem et al, (2004) On Socio-demographic the respondents concealed the characteristic of drug consumers consist of all age category like both genders, pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers. Self-medication illnesses that reported very commonly in the respondents were headache, fever, cold, respiratory tract infection and gastrointestinal diseases. Education for the self-medication should be provided to public as well as health care providers ;i. e; this type of illnesses can be easily self-treated and diagnosed and the drug products to be used in promoting the responsible self-medication. 2. 17 Self-medication in West Uttarpradesh According to Ghosh et al, (2010) some students reported that they were alcoholic, smoker or involve in some chronic problems i. . non-communicable diseases, they have less awareness about the medicines that they use with smoking, alcohol or suffer problems with chronic diseases. Non-seriousness related to the disease is the most common reason reported for self-treated and for self-medication, previous experience on the medicine and emergency use. 2. 18 Assessment of Self-medication According to Sawalha, (2007) In An-Najah students the preferen ce of self-medication in very common. Practice of treating this condition is done either simple or by previous experience. Even important self-medication predictors did present in the studied group, types of medications knowledge on the level of self-care orientation can be significant in analyzing the self-medication practices. 2. 19 Health care strategies According to Haider et al, (1995) treatment from some medical systems found in majority of cases. Health care behavior for childhood illnesses and assessment of the degree and the reasons for self-medication assess in Karachi, Pakistan. The main reason is the good past experience of self-medication. he main reason is the use of different medicines by health professional that influence the parents for self-medicate to their children. Self-medication is hard to reduce but some information can be made to discourage wrong use of harmful drugs. 2. 20 Self-medication (WHO). According to WHO (1988) The WHO pointed that Self medication can help and treat illness that does not require any consultation of medication and provides a cheaper option for treat such common diseases. Yet, the person bears basic responsibility for the use of self-medication products. Due to self-medication products parties should be aware about the benefits and risks of self-medication. 3 METHADOLOGY This part presents an overview of the methods to be used in the study. Areas covered in this part include data collection, variables, sample and sampling techniques and model for analyzed the data. 3. 1 Data In this study primary data is used for gathering information. A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collection was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics. Data analyzed complete using chi-square test to check the associations between variables. 3. 2 Variables Variables used in this study are 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Qualification 3. 3 Sample and Sampling techniques Convenience sampling techniques is use to select respondents from Gulshan-e-iqbal area. A convenience sample of 100 participants was taken. A questionnaire was distributed among participants after explaining the background of the study and objective. 3. 4 Model The model we are used. To summarize the questionnaires we used statistical model of chi-square. According to Zafar et al (2008) the author used Chi-square in his study. 4 RESULT Table: 1 QUALIFICATION v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 29. 354| 0. 007| Reject| SELF MEDICATION| 6. 425| 0. 6| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 11. 48| 0. 321| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 16. 431| 0. 37| Accept| HIGH FEES| 7. 423| 0. 492| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 12. 461| 0. 132| Accept| DANGEROUS| 10. 582| 0. 221| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 12. 285| 0. 139| Accept| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 16. 846| 0. 032| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. alue shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the qualification shows that self medication (0. 6), prescribe (0. 321), lack of time (0. 37), high fees (0. 492), side effects (0. 132), dangerous (0. 221), youngsters (0. 139) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the qualification Table: 2 GENDER v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 6. 053| 0. 195| Accept| SELF MEDICATION| 3. 334| 0. 504| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 9. 368| 0. 095| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 14. 038| 0. 007| Reject| HIGH FEES| 2. 38| 0. 71| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 5. 008| 0. 286| Accept| DANGEROUS| 8. 898| 0. 064| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 2. 356| 0. 671| Accept| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 1. 361| 0. 851| Accept| It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the gender that My illness (0. 195), self medication(0. 504), Prescribe (0. 095)high fees(0. 71),side effects(0. 286), dangerous(0. 064), youngsters(0. 671), Communication chain (0. 851) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the gender. Table: 3 AGE v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 12. 914| 0. 115| Accept| SELF MEDICATION| 7. 128| 0. 523| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 7. 612| 0. 667| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 9. 468| 0. 304| Accept| HIGH FEES| 12. 789| 0. 119| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 2. 677| 0. 953| Accept| DANGEROUS| 11. 182| 0. 192| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 19. 388| 0. 013| Reject| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 15. 794| 0. 045| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the age that my illness (0. 115), self medication (0. 23), prescribe (0. 667), lack of time (0. 304), high fees (0. 119), side effects (0. 953), dangerous (0. 192) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the age. 5 DISCUSSION In the light of the literature review self medication is a most common practice. In this study mostly males involve in self medication. The number of youngsters participate in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall reply is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This shows that the greater part of the samples was undergraduate youngsters. In term of gender, majority of the youngsters who adept self-medication are males. Moreover, the sampling methods were varied among the studies, range from convenience. The trend of self-medication is high in undergraduate youngsters as compared to the inter and metric level youngsters. Mostly Youngsters have a preference of self-medication, 63% of undergraduates, 18% of inter and only 19% of metric youngsters involve in self medication. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication. Qualification and understanding own illnesses are not independent. So we accepted alternative hypothesis. Increasing communication chain is also one of the major reasons of increment of self medication in well qualified too. The above data was found to be good sufficient to maintain from literature review that the trend towards self medication is increasing literally. 6 CONCLUSION Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22. The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor. Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. 7 BIBLOGRAPHY Almasdy Dedy Azmi Sherrif , (2011 ), Self-Medication Practice with Nonprescription Medication among University Students: a review of the literature, Archives of Pharmacy Practice, Vol 2, No 3, pp 95-100. Andualem Tenaw, B. Pharm, BA, et al, (2004), SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICES IN ADDIS ABABA: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY, Ethiopia Journal health science, Vol 14, No 1, pp 1-11. Carmel M, Hughes; McElnay, James C; Fleming, Glenda F. , (2001), Bene? ts and risks of self medication, Drug Safety, Vol 24, No 14, pp 1027-1037. Fadare Joseph O Igbiks Tamuno, (2011), Antibiotic self-medication among university medical undergraduates in Northern Nigeria, Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, Vol 3, No 5, pp 217-220. Ghosh Sourav, Vikas, Vimal, et al, (2010), Evaluation of the practice of self medication among college students in west Uttar Pradesh, International Journal of Pharma Professional’s Research, Vol 1, No 1, pp 14-18. Haider S, Thaver IH, (1995), Self medication or self care: implication for primary health care strategies, J Pak Med Assoc, Vol 45, No11, pp 297-298. Hussain Azhar, Asifa Khanum,(2008), Self medication among university students of Islamabad, Pakistan- a preliminary study, Southern Med Review, Vol 1, No 1, pp 14-16. Hussain Shahzad, Farnaz Malik, Kazi Muhammad Ashfaq, et al , (2011), Prevalence of self-medication and health-seeking behavior in a developing country, African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Vol 5 , No 7, pp 972-978 James Henry, Shailendra S, Handu Khalid A. J, et al, (2006), Evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among first-year medical students, Med Princ Practice, Vol 15, No 4, pp 270-275. Khalid Tanzeela, Tariq Iqbal, (2010),Trends of self medication in patients with acne vulgarus, JUMDC, Vol 1, No 1, pp 10-13. Mumtaz Yasmin, S. M. Ashraf Jahangeer, Tahira Mujtaba, et al, (2011), Self Medication among University Students of Karachi, JLUMHS, Vol 10, No 3, pp 102-105. Oshikoya K A, O F Njokanma, J A Bello, et al, (2007), Family self-medication for children in an urban area of Nigeria , Paediatric and Perinatal Drug Therapy, Vol 8, No 3, pp 124-130. S Shveta, Jagmohan S, (2011), A study of self medication pattern in Punjab, Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Vol 4, No 2, pp 43-46. Sawalha, Ansam F, (2007), Assessment of self-medication practice among University students in Palestine: Therapeutic and Toxicity Implications, The Islamic University Journal (Series of Natural Studies and Engineering), Vol 15, No 2, pp 67-82. SD Sontakke, Bajait CS , Pimpalkhute SA, et al, (2011), Comparative study of evaluation of self-medication practices in first and third year medical student, International Journal of Biological ; Medical Research , Vol 2, No 2, pp 561-564. Shankar PR, P Partha and N Shenoy, (2002), Self-medication and non-doctor prescription practices in Pokhara valley, Western Nepal: a questionnaire-based study, BMC Family Practice, Vol 3, No 17, pp 1-7. Twombly Eric C ; Kristen D. Holtz, (2008), Teens and the Misuse of Prescription Drugs:Evidence-Based Recommendations to Curb a Growing Societal Problem, J Primary Prevent, Vol 29, No 18, pp 503–516. WHO, (1988), The role of pharmacist in self-care and self-medication, Netherland. Wijesinghe R Pushpa, Ravindra L Jayakody, Rohini de A Seneviratne, (2012), Prevalence and predictors of self-medication in a selected urban and rural district of Sri Lanka, WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health, Vol 1, No 1, pp 28-41. Zafar Syed Nabeel, Reema Syed, Sana Waqar, et al, (2008), Self medication amongst university students of Karachi: prevalence, knowledge and attitudes, J Pak Med Assoc, Vol 58, No 4, pp 214-217. http://apps. who. int/medicinedocs/pdf/whozip32e/whozip32e. pdf How to cite Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters, Papers

Leadership of Alan Joyce in Business Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Leadership of Alan Joyce in Business. Answer: Leadership and leaders approach are always a matter of study. From time to time, many leaders came in business world and revolutionised the context of leadership. Through this easy leadership of Alan Joyce has been discussed and analysed. Alan leadership journey is truly inspirational as from working class family to the corporate leader, through-out the journey he made himself as an example of honest, humble, result-oriented and open to learning leader. His leadership is always focused for better achievement of organisational objectives and people orientation (Goleman, Boyatzis, and McKee, 2013). Alan Joyce is an Irish-Australian Businessman and now the Chief Executive Officer of Qantas. He was born in Tallaght, Ireland in 1966. His father was a worker in Tobacco Factory and mother was a cleaner. In 1986, he was graduated from Trinity College, Dublin with specialisation in Physics and Mathematics. In 1987, he completed his Masters inManagement Science form Trinity College, Dublin. He is also a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society (BCG 2010). He started his career in Aer Lingus, which is a Flag Carrier of Ireland; he worked there for eight years and worked in different functional areas like sales, marketing, operation, fleet planning, information technology, network planning and many others. In 1996, he left Aer Lingus and joined Ansett Australia. There he worked in network planning, network strategy function and in schedule planning. Then he left Ansett Australia in 2000 and he joined Qantas. He led network planning, network strategy function and in schedule planning in Q antas. Then in 2003, he appointed as Chief Executive Officer of Jetstar, which is a subsidiary of Qantas. After three years, in 2006, he was appointed as Chief Executive Officer of Qantas (BCG 2010). During his tenure in Qantas, he seen and experienced different big transformations company wide and industry wide. He has gone through the phase where Qantas has experienced difficult time. He managed the revenue growth, diversification and expansion for Qantas in many aspects. He led the outstanding financial performance in 2016, which is the best performance in 96 years old history of Qantas. Also, in his leadership Qantas touched a new high of customer satisfaction and employee engagement. During his Jetstar journey, he was the man behind establishing the well appreciated operations through-out Australia and Asia. In 2015, his outstanding contribution in Aviation field has been recognised. He was named as Airline CEO of the year by CAPA centre. He is also announced as the most influential gay leader for two years in OUTstanding/Financial Times list of "Top 100 Leading LGBT Executives". His considerable contribution towards aviation industry, tourism industry, gender equality, incl usion and diversity, supporter of Indigenous education and community named him as Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in 2017 on Queen's Birthday. Apart from his CEO Job in Qantas, he is conferred with different roles such as Director of the Business Council of Australia, Member of the Male Champions of Change and Ambassador of the Australian Indigenous Education Foundation (Qantas 2017). Leadership and the way of leading by Alan Joyce explain how leadership can transform an organisation from an underperformer to an extraordinary performer. He always has the belief that good leadership is on the basis of a great vision, strategy and a well-directed team. He is a supporter of diversifiedmanagement team. According to Alans understanding, a goodmanagement team should be comprised of different team members from different educational backgrounds, education and skills (Fairhurst and Connaughton, 2014). A diverse team will enable a broad view on any aspect of leadership in managing a business organisation. He led his team through empowering them and allowing them to ask question. He motivated his team for entrepreneurial steps but always guided for calculated risk. He made himself as a collaborative, open and honest leader for his people. Regarding mistakes, he always supported the view of accepting mistakes and owning mistakes and learning from them. In crisis situation he led his team towards desired result through focusing on what is unknown. Alan transformed Qantas with his commendable leadership and proved himself as a Transactional Leader who always delivers best result for the organisation (Carter and Greer, 2013). Leading business organisation in an influential way shows the leadership attributes of any business leader. There are various leadership theories and approached are in practice, amongst all Transformational and Transactional Leadership is widely practiced. Transformational Leadership style depends on inspiring followers and motivating them to achieve more (Deichmann and Stam, 2015). Other side Transactional leader provide guidelines; and manage, organise, directs and controls their followers to achieve the desired goals. Both leadership styles have their own limitations and benefits. In real business world, combination of transformational and transactional leadership works best and Alan Joyce is the best example who has the balanced leadership approach in leading his organisation (McCleskey, 2014). Alan Joyce is leader whose bold vision enables Qantas to tap the rapidly growing market Asian Passenger; he also built a diverse team consisting multicultural and modern work force that going to contribute in the growth story of Qantas (Colbert, Barrick and Bradley, 2014). The jaw dropping announcement on 29th October 2011 by Alan Joyce to ground entire airline, made him an overnight discussion in business world. His decision was criticised most business leaders, government and he was blamed for making industry unstable and creating problems for customers. Alan did it with a vision, a vision for Qantas. Irrespective all these factors, discussion; Alan emerged as the winner. He was able settle down the conflict between Qantas and three unions. This hard, criticised leadership decision of Alan put an end mark on the deadlock between Qantas and the three unions. This way he resolved a problem which was very important from operational and revenue aspect of Qantas but somehow in this manner Qantas has lost some brand value. The Union problem has been solved but customers were affected by the decision (BCG, 2010). Alan is a big believer of creativity and innovation. He always inspired his team to work in a collaborative manner. He creates fantastic team and in turn the fantastic team provided outstanding results for Qantas. Alan always advocated the concept of transactional leadership that leaders have to give rewards to their followers to make them decisive. He suggested future generation leader about benefits of transactional leadership as he suggested that in old organisation, people understood the art of avoiding responsibility and accountability (Hemlin et al., 2014). Being a well-known and successful leader; Alan always stands as transparent persona in admitting his mistakes. He included the event of setting up of unassigned sitting for Jetstar. It cost losing business class customers. He revised his decision quickly and introduced assigned siting and made the carrier more preferable to business class passenger. A good leader is one who knows how to take calculated risk. Alan Joyce is the right example here. He made mistake regarding unassigned siting but improved the decision by reversing it. It shows resect to customers preferences; which ultimately work well for the betterment of Qantas (O'Sullivan, 2015). Alan Joyce is a leader who has guided business organisations with a clear and precise vision, his decision making skills made him an outperformer in an ever changing industry. His belief on his team, his humble behaviour and collaborative nature made him a mix of transactional and transformational leader. His leadership actions are inclined more towards transactional leadership as he always motivated his team with rewards. This approach outshines with unmatchable performance of Qantas. From time to time, Qantas has faced many challenges beyond itsmanagement control; but the extraordinary visionary leadership skill of Alan Joyce has always proven that Qantas can do better with good team spirit and collaboration. Under Alan Joyces leadership Qantas is performing well when Airline Industry is going through a tough phase (BuRke, 2014). Alan Joyces has handled the above mentioned issue and transform Qantas through hard times into an organisation which performed financially well. The decision making power and strong dependency on his team, enabled Alan as a result oriented leader. He defined his leadership path with well organised and communicated vision. He strongly advocated the significance of purposeful and well directed communication in the context of better team performance. Corporate Leader is the most responsible person in any business settings; it has been well performed by Alan. He made mistakes but as a leader he always taken responsibility of those mistakes. As a transactional leader, he made corrections to those mistakes and Qantas turned into a better service provider and profitable business organisation (Qantas 2017). The relevance of leadership is in transformation of an Organisation. Alan is always a leader of making decisions which made industry eye-opened with many surprises. He advocated the concept of timely decision making with or without correct information; Taking decision reflects that organisation is with the situation, if the decision does not work well, an organisation is always having the chance of correct it. Alan is always made a balanced approach while dealing with internal and external issues. His communication approach made him the leader of people. His result orientation made him leader of stakeholders and his directing nature made him leader of his team. Alan has proven his transactional leadership in many aspects of Qantas and handling the international issues in the context of Aviation Industry (Lord and Dinh, 2014). References BCG 2010. The Future Leadership. Retrieved 3 October 2017, from https://www.bcg.com/documents/file42391.pdf BuRke, R.J., 2014. Human frailties in the workplace: their nature, consequences and remedy.Human Frailties: Wrong Choices on the Drive to Success, pp.3-52. Carter, S.M. and Greer, C.R., 2013. Strategic leadership: Values, styles, and organizational performance.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,20(4), pp.375-393. Colbert, A.E., Barrick, M.R. and Bradley, B.H., 2014. Personality and leadership composition in top management teams: Implications for organizational effectiveness.Personnel Psychology,67(2), pp.351-387. Deichmann, D. and Stam, D., 2015. Leveraging transformational and transactional leadership to cultivate the generation of organization-focused ideas.The Leadership Quarterly,26(2), pp.204-219. Fairhurst, G.T. and Connaughton, S.L., 2014. Leadership: A communicative perspective.Leadership,10(1), pp.7-35. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R.E. and McKee, A., 2013.Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Hemlin, S., Allwood, C.M., Martin, B. and Mumford, M.D. eds., 2014.Creativity and leadership in science, technology, and innovation. Routledge. Lord, R.G. and Dinh, J.E., 2014. What Have We Learned That Is Critical in Understanding Leadership Perceptions and Leader?Performance Relations?.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,7(2), pp.158-177. McCleskey, J.A., 2014. Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), p.117. O'Sullivan, M., 2015.Mayday: The Inside Story of the Fall of Qantas. Penguin UK. Qantas 2017. Qantas CEO. Retrieved 3 October 2017, from https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/qantas-ceo/global/en

The, The Choice, Advertisement By Barack Obama Essay Example For Students

The, The Choice, Advertisement By Barack Obama Essay In the â€Å"The Choice† advertisement by Barack Obama in 2012, the scenes in this video are mostly taken in the living room. There are couches, flowers, and shelves which are full of books and framed pictures. Obama is sitting on the chair and talking to the camera about the choice that the voters have and need to make. He probably chooses this scene that has a feeling at home because he wants the viewer to feel he is one of them, explaining to them as if he goes to each house and talks one-to-one. While he is talking, the camera is clearly focused on his face. We will write a custom essay on The, The Choice, Advertisement By Barack Obama specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The lens also has taken the close-up on Obama s face while all the images and background behind have been blurred. This technique called â€Å"shallow focus† is commonly used in cinematography. It is intended to direct the viewer s focus to one element of a scene. Obama is intentionally doing this technique so that the viewer can direct their attention to what he is going to say.In this commercial ad Obama is wearing a full suit with a blue tie and pin at the top collar of his suit. Obama is trying to appeal to viewers with a nice liberal man’s looks when he is wearing a blue tie, so that he can gain viewers’ trust on his professionalism and at the same time trying to gain votes from democratic supporters. In another perspective, the way he is dressing in this video can be looked on as someone who is always ready to represent United States in under any circumstance in accordance with his position as president at that time. He is also wearing an American flag pin to show to the viewer wherever he is, he will not forget his country. He is trying to appeal as a true patriot who will serve the country with full respect and never cause any shame on the country. He wants to show the vi. .il because the weather is very suitable for it. The two workers in this site are wearing professional attires because Obama wants the viewers to know that he will makes sure this investment will be handled professionally.Last but not least, when the ad is about to end, Obama is practically using the antithesis technique when saying â€Å"sometimes politics can seem very small, but the choice you face couldn t be bigger†. When Obama is saying the message, the camera seems to zoom-in on Obama to add the effects of noteworthiness in this message. He is trying to emphasize the importance of the choice that the viewers will make even though the viewers don t prefer to know about politics. Lastly, Obama end this ad with his campaign slogan â€Å"Forward† to show his identity and goal for America which apparently has been a success to move the American s hearts.

Role Of Education in Sustainable Development Essay Essays

Role Of Education in Sustainable Development Essay Essays Role Of Education in Sustainable Development Essay Essay Role Of Education in Sustainable Development Essay Essay Sustainable development is that development which will run into the present demands of the community without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands. Environmental instruction involves among other things the proviso of information. acknowledging values. clear uping constructs etc in order to develop accomplishments and attitudes that enable the community to understand and appreciate the relationship between their civilizations and their physical milieus. At international fora. efforts have been made to advance environmental instruction. In the twelvemonth 1975 in Belgrade. the plan for international environmental instruction was started followed by the conference in Tsibilisi in 1977. Nevada 1979. Moscow 1987. †¦ . . Since so the council of European states has twice called on member states to progress on environmental instruction in all sectors of instruction. There is required a dominant policy to guarantee that the findings of research on environmental scientific discipline are decently applied to guarantee that the universe is safe for farther development with no farther devastation of the natural resources. It is hence necessary to affect the participants in political. economic and cultural sectors in planing environmental plans. By making this. we will detect that all these participants have turned conservationists and we can anticipate a struggle of involvement of manner in the attack of environmental affairs. This is because sustainable development is a contested district with its ownership disputed by forces with really diverse involvements. Its therefore hard to anticipate any relaxation of the attempt on those who will go on to enforce development to accommodate their terminals raising â€Å"modernity. national integrating. economic growing and other slogans† ( Adams 1990. p199 ) . With challenges as these. instruction is a must in order to convey these involvements groups together and come up with sound policy on sustainable development. infact one that is witting of future demands. Obstacles TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTThere are assorted obstructions to sustainable development which include: 1. Lack of consciousness on issues involved.2. Political unacceptableness of obvious stairss frontward.3. Resistance by groups with vested involvements.4. Insufficiency of institutional mechanism for incorporating environment and development. SolutionTo get the better of these obstructions. there is a feeling among many groups that there is a demand to replace the thoughts and values that underlie the composite and seeable obstructions with a new attack and reshaping of thoughts and values. To make this we need non merely a alteration. but a entire revolution of our thought. This can good be achieved through a well-designed instruction attack. ROLE OF EDUCATIONEducation plays a major function in heightening people’s consciousness about bio-diversity preservation every bit good as sustainable development. It leads to realization of preservation cognition and accomplishments which in bend aid in broadening people’s cognition about preservation. therefore doing them functional members of the society. Education will edify stakeholders on assorted issues associating to sustainable development and bio-diversity preservation. Besides instruction will sensitise them to take part to the full in runs against any act or development that threaten future sustainability. Consequently. instruction empowers stakeholders to take increasing charge of their ain developments as cardinal ingredients combined with a clear cognition of environmental restraints and of demands to run into basic demands. This enables people to understand their demand for and importance of biodiversity for now and in the hereafter. It is this instruction which will enable us gain that sustainable development confronts non merely society. but each of us at the bosom of his or her intent. It invites us to give practical support to the values of societal equity. human worth and ecological wellness. Education inquiries our preparedness to affect ourselves in the battle for alteration. it challenges our willingness to lend in greater step to the activities of NGO’s and dedicated persons who run on our behalf. Furthermore. instruction asks us to accept that the little beginnings from which so many successful runs have started resides within ourselves. As Laszlo ( 1989 ) puts it. â€Å"we contemplate altering about anything on this Earth except ourselves. † and this is due to the interior restraints in our visions and values that can merely be removed through instruction. This is because instruction will explicate the demand for and importance of attitude and behavior alteration in our chase for development. as a consequence we will gain that we owe the hereafter coevalss what we have today. It is instruction that will enable us make a decision as Max-reef ( 1991. P113 ) explains: -â€Å"I have reached the decision that I lack the power to alter the universe or any important portion of it. I merely have the power to alter myself. And the absorbing thing is that if I decide to alter myself. there is no constabulary force in the universe that can forestall me making so. It is my determination and if I want to make it. I can make it. Now the point is that if I change myself. something may go on as a effect that may take to a alteration in the world† . As such consciousness becomes more general. sustainable development will be regarded earnestly by the people who truly count non merely elites but people by and large. Education whether formal or informal has been proved to be a powerful tool in advancing alterations in the attitudes and perceptual experiences of people about a resource. A series of conferences under the protections of UNDP have been held to turn to issues refering to the nexus between sound natural resource direction and sustainable development. environmental preservation and improved human public assistance. Education for sustainable development will non merely make consciousness of the planetary crisis but must put it at the bosom of the course of study. It must be â€Å"ecological† instead than â€Å"environmental† encouraging wide holistic thought. learning the demand for structural alteration and advancing the right application of reductionist thought to specific proficient jobs. It will encompass all the agencies of the alteration discussed in this paper and watchful stakeholders to the feasibleness of alternate patterns. Further. instruction will non merely inform stakeholders. but besides let them to take part in determination devising procedure about biodiversity preservation and therefore advancing alteration. Through instruction. stakeholders will non merely go acquinted with one another’s vision about healthy ecosystems but besides stimulates them to explicate their ain visions associating to biodiversity. It will non merely learn them about holistic theory but will necessitate them to believe holistically. Holistic thought is a peculiarly of import agencies of alteration for sustainable development because it attempts to calculate out the effects. Holistic attack attempts to expect the job â€Å"simple† solutions. create and to place more satisfactory structural solutions. Holistic thought led one husbandman in Kenya. sickened at holding to hit the elephants destroying his harvests. to follow an alternate signifier of land usage. suiting non merely his ain involvement but besides those of elephants. of tourers who wanted to see elephants and of local people who could supplement their subsistence economic system with income from touristry. Education will besides assist us to see the demand of seting people foremost in all our enterprises in sustainable development and biodiversity preservation. Puting people foremost means rather merely valuing people for themselves. for what they are instead than for what they can make. or how they can execute in the service of some involvement whose terminals may be rather radically opposed to the meeting of human demand. Puting people foremost besides means empowerment- a procedure by which those who are or feel excluded from determination devising are enabled to take part in it. It involves the transportation of power from those in authorization to smaller groups. In some states this has to get down with set uping or re-establishing political rights and other basic freedoms. ( A recent illustration is the return to free elections in Malawi and Kenya ) . Merely so can a start be made to supply instruction and preparation to raise consciousness and allow stakeholders to play an effectual function in political procedure. Empowerment besides refers to what Paul Freire. the Brazilian educationalist calls â€Å"Conscientization† or instruction for consciousness. by which communities and persons become cognizant of the grounds for their poorness and subjugation and get down to discourse what they themselves can make about it without enabling action by the governments. Ecological instruction will non merely learn about authorization but will enable stakeholders to carry through their aspiration by assisting them to develop their full scope of abilities. By paying equal attending to emotional and rational development. instruction will learn the basic life accomplishments people need to set up individualities and turn as persons. By promoting creativeness. committedness and enterprise. it will fit stakeholders to take duty for themselves and their hereafter. and to avoid dependence on biodiversity without guaranting its sustainability through sound direction patterns. It will besides concentrate on relationships and learn what Harrison ( 1990. p203 ) calls the â€Å"work of human communicating of lovingness and nurturance. of be givening the personal bonds of the community† . It is envisaged that good organized instruction will besides heighten our ability to associate with each other. non merely on the degree of twenty-four hours to twenty-fo ur hours communicating accomplishment. but more significantly by admiting others individualities and rights to a resource. This instruction will originate a procedure of womb-to-tomb growing in consciousness and aspiration. An persons preparedness to take part in that procedure. at nevertheless lowly or rudimentary a degree. will be more of import than geting impressive makings. for as Paul Freire ( 1972 ) points out. we are all â€Å"unfinished† human existences with a committedness to better â€Å"unfinished† world. Without the chance to develop their possible. persons can non develop to the full in treatments and enterprises on which advancement to more sustainable development depends. Therefore. decently resourced and directed instruction will guarantee that all stakeholders become the donees of the attention. concern and accomplishments of others. DecisionIn a universe where the challenge of sustainable development is an imperative. instead than an option. we can non afford to suspend people from take parting by doing them experience failures. whether academic failures as a consequence of the stiff application of elitist criterions. or societal or personal failures as a consequence of unequal developments of both their demands and their possible. Therefore. I envisage that decently resourced and directed instruction aimed at promoting the development of sensitiveness. consciousness. critical thought. job resolution and active engagement in biodiversity preservation runs. will enable stakeholders non merely to go cognizant of the issues and be able to move on that consciousness. but will be equipped with the accomplishments required to lend efficaciously to the argument. They will larn to be after. organize. communicate with others. develop schemes and make confederations with an purpose of advancing sustainable development and guaranting biodiversity preservation.